1. Nice to meet you

2. splanchnology Chapter 4 Introduction 1. The concept and function
Splanchnology is a subject that studies the shape,
structure and position of the organs of viscera.
Viscera includes alimentary system, respiratory system,
urinary system and genital system.
funtion: The main functions of the viscera are to fulfil
the metabolism and maintain the life of species.

3. The main functions of alimentary system are to ingest the food, to secrete enzymes, to absorb the products of the digestive action, and to eliminate the unused residues.
The respiratory system is to carry out the gas exchanges --- supply of oxygen for living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
The primary function of urinary system is to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes, excreting the various wastes.
The functions of genital system are to produce germ cells (ovum and sperm) and to secrete some hormones.

4. 2. General structure of viscera
The hilum of right lung
porta hepatis
The visceral surface of the liver
renal hilum
The anterior view of the left kidney
2. General structure of viscera
mucosa
(submucosa)
tubular
organs
muscular coats
serosa
Parenchymatous organs
hilum/porta

5. 3. The reference lines of thorax
the anterior median line
the sternal line
the midclavicular line
the parasternal line
the anterior axillary line
the midaxillary line
the posterior axillary line
the scapular line
the posterior median line

6. The 4 abdominal regions left upper abdomen right upper abdomen
left lower abdomen
right upper abdomen
right lower abdomen
The 4 abdominal regions

7. 4 The abdominal regions (9 region )
left hypochondriac
umbilical
left lumbar
left inguinal
(left iliac)
epigastric
right lumbar
hypogastric/pubic
right inguinal
(right iliac)
right hypochondriac
4 The abdominal regions (9 region )

8. Chapter 5 Alimentary/digestive system
mouth/oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
alimentary
canal
duodenum
stomach
jejunum
small intestine
large intestine
ileum
salivary glands
liver
alimentary
gland
Pancreas
Small gland
The upper/lower alimentary canal

9. 1. The oral cavity oral vestibule oral cavity proper 1) Lips 2) Cheek
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Parotid gland
Parotid duct
The opening of the parotid duct
Palate
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Uvula
tongue
1. The oral cavity
oral vestibule
oral cavity proper
1) Lips
2) Cheek
3) Palate:
Hard palate
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Isthmus of fauces
Tonsillar fossa
4) Palatine tonsile

10. 5) The teeth/dentes deciduous teeth (20): incisors 2, canine 1,
molars 2
permanent teeth (32):
incisors 2
canine 1
premolars 2
molars 2~3

11. The basic structure of teeth
enamel
dentine
cement
periodontal membrane
alveolar bone
gums
dental pulp
The basic structure of teeth
The shape :
crown, neck and root
Dental cavity :
cavity of crown, root canal
The tissue :
dentine, enamel, cement and dental pulp
The periodontal structure:
periodontal membrane,
alveolar bone and
gums/gingiva.

12. 6) The tongue frenulum of tongue The shapes:
apex, body, root of tongue
The mucous membrane:
filifirm papillae
fungiform papillae
vallate papillae
taste bud
foliate papillae
The muscle:
intrinsic muscle
extrinsic muscle:
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

13. 2. The pharynx The anterior wall of pharynx 1) Position nasopharynx
the opening of auditory tube
The sagittal section of the skull and neck
The anterior wall of pharynx
the opening of auditory tube
The sagittal section of the skull and neck
2. The pharynx
1) Position
nasopharynx
2) Parts
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
3) Communication
nasopharynx nasal cavity
tympanic cavities of the middle ear
oropharynx oral cavity
laryngopharynx laryngeal cavity
esophagus.

14. 2) The position of the three constriction 3. Esophagus
the first
constriction
the distance from incisor
position
the beginning (commencement)
or lower border of 6th C
or the level of cricoid cartilage
the esophageal hiatus
or the lever of the 10th T
the second
the third
15cm
25cm
40cm
the intersection with left bronchus
or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T
3. Esophagus
1) The position
2) The position of the three constriction
the first
constriction
the distance from incisor
position
the beginning (commencement)
or lower border of 6th C
or the level of cricoid cartilage
the esophageal hiatus
or the lever of the 10th T
the second
the third
15cm
25cm
40cm
the intersection with left bronchus
or the level of the sternal angle or the lower border of the 4th T
The esophagus and its relationships
First constriction
Cervical part
Trachea
Aortic arch
Principal bronchus
Second constriction
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic part
Third constriction
Abdominal part
Inferior vena cava

15. 4. Stomach/gaster 1）the shape 2）the parts two orifices: two curvature:
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure
4. Stomach/gaster
1）the shape
two orifices:
two curvature:
two surface:
2）the parts
cardiac part
fundus of stomach
body of stomach
pyloric part
pyloric antrum
pyloric canal

16. 3）The position In middle full left hypochondriac region
epigastric region,
and umbilical region;
cardia on the left of the eleventh thoracic vertebra,
pylorus on the right of the first lumbar vertebra.
hypochondriac region
hypochondriac region
epigastric region
umbilical region
The position of stomach

17. 4）The relation of stomach
The anterior surface:
The L part is contact with diaphragm
The R part is relation with the left and quadrate lobes of live and the anterior abdominal wall.
The posterior surface:
It is relation with the spleen, the diaphragm, the left suprarenal gland, the upper part of the left kidney, the splenic blood vessels, the pancreas, the left colic flexure, the transverse colon and its mesocolon. These structures form the stomach bed.

18. 5）the musculature and inner
surface of stomach
The musculature:
The wall of stomach has three layer muscle. The outer is longitudinal, the middle circular, the inner oblique and incomplete. At the pylorus, the middle circular muscle thicken and form a muscular ring ---the pyloric sphincter. It can control the pylorus open and close.
The inner surface:
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa form many ridges and rugae.
But the mucosa of pyloric part is smooth. Gastric neoplasm and ulcers, the mucous pattern will be changed and become radiological.
lesser curvature
pylorus
cardia
greater curvature
angular incisure

19. 5. the small intestine superior part descending part duodenum
The mesentery
5. the small intestine
superior part
descending part
duodenum
horizontal part
ascending part
jejunum
ileum

20. 6. the large intestine 1) parts caecum vermiform appendix colon rectum
about 1.5 m long
6. the large intestine
1) parts
caecum
vermiform appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal

21. McBurney’s point
2) The characteristics of
the cecum and colon
colic bands
haustras of colon
epiploic appendices
3) The cecum and the
vermiform appendix
The position of appendix
retrocecal and retrocolic
in 65.28%
pelvic in 31.01%
subcecal in 2.26%
pre-ileal in 0.4%
post-ileal in 1.0%
higher and left position

22. 4) colon ascending colon transverse colon parts descending colon
sigmoid mescolon
transverse mescolon
right colic flexure
left colic flexure
4) colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
parts
descending colon
sigmoid colon

23. 5) rectum sacral flexure two flexures perineal flexure
Ampulla of rectum
Transverse folds of rectum

24. 6) the anal canal anal column anal valves anal sinuses inner surface
Columnar epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
6) the anal canal
anal column
anal valves
anal sinuses
inner surface
dentate line
anal pecten
white line
sphincter ani internus
sphincter
sphincter ani externus

25. 7. The alimentary gland 1) salivary gland Minor gland parotid gland
Opposite the crown of second upper molar
Opening of parotid duct
sternocleidomatoid
masseter muscle
7. The alimentary gland
1) salivary gland
Minor gland
parotid gland
Major gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland

26. 8. liver/hepar The liver is the largest gland in our body.
Nutrients, vitamins, mineral, and other products of digestion(include the poison)
8. liver/hepar
The liver is the largest gland in our body.
Food processing factory
1. Functions
1) produce bile
2) synthesis
glycogen
albumin
3) detoxification

27. right hypochondriac region epigastric regions
Caudate lobe
gallbladder
quadrat lobe
Left lobe
Right lobe
hepatic portal v.
gallbladder
hepatic duct
proper hepatic a.
inferior vena cava
bare area
porta hepatis
systic duct
common bile duct
R. triangular lig.
gallbladder
falciform lig.
diaphragm
L. triangular lig.
coronary lig.
L. lobe
R. lobe
lig. teres hepatis
1) The position
right hypochondriac region
epigastric regions
left hypochondriac region
beneath the diaphragm
behind the ribs
2) The shapes
superior surface/ diaphragmatic surface:
inferior surface/ visceral surface:

28. On the superior surface: right lobe left lobe
L. lobe
R. lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe
R. triangular lig.
gallbladder
falciform lig.
diaphragm
L. triangular lig.
coronary lig.
L. lobe
R. lobe
lig. teres hepatis
3) The lobe of liver
On the superior surface:
right lobe
left lobe
On the inferior surface:
right lobe,
left lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe.

29. 9. The gallbladder and the biliary ducts fundus of gallbladder
body of gallblader
neck of gallbladder
cystic duct
right and left hepatic duct
common hepatic duct
common bile duct

30. 10. The drainage of the bile
hepatocyte bile canaliculi
intralobular bile ductules
R. hepatic duct
L. hepatic duct
common hepatic duct
common bile duct
Cystic duct
gallbradder
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Major duodenal papilla

31. 11. The Pancreas position head neck parts body tail function
exocrine part
endocrine part