1. Rise of Big Business in the Late 1800s

2. DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
Corporations had been used prior to the Civil War to raise capital through the sale of stock to invest in large business ventures.
Corporations did not “rise” during the late 19th century they became more powerful as they grew through monopolies and mergers.
This led to a greater influence on the economy, politics, and government policy

3. Factors of Production
Land
Labor
Capital
Technology
Entrepreneurship

4. New Business Culture
Laissez Faire  the ideology of the Industrial Age.
Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!

5. 2. Social Darwinism British economist. Advocate of laissez-faire.
Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.
Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”
Herbert Spencer

6. 2. Social Darwinism in America
Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.
Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906)

7. New Business Culture: “The American Dream?”
Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”
Horatio Alger [100+ novels]
Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

8. RAILROADS Railroads were the economic engine that drove the economy.
Transcontinental Railroad helped
unite the country and promote
economic growth and the
development of a national market.
Created a need for steel rails,
wooden railroad ties, railroad cars
and transportation for goods

9. Continued
This contributed to the growth of the steel, lumber, coal, and meatpacking industries
Railroad also brought new settlers through advertising, land sales, and provided farmers access to markets.
Most famous of the transcontinental routes was the Transcontinental Railroad built in 1869 uniting East with West.

10. Entrepreneur
People who organize, operate, and assume the risk for a business venture

11. Entrepreneurs
Used new technologies and new business tactics to create large corporations
Trusts John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil

12. New Type of Business Entities
Trust:
Horizontal Integration  John D Rockefeller
Vertical Integration:
Gustavus Swift  Meat-packing
Andrew Carnegie  U. S. Steel

13. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
Used by Rockefeller and Standard Oil to create a monopoly.
In this business tactic a company buys up those companies that compete with it so that it controls the market and can charge whatever it wants
Company A
Company B
Company C
monopoly

14. Vertical Integration Used by Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry
This tactic involves buying all the businesses involved in the production of your product
The point is that you never have to buy raw materials from anyone else and it saves money
Steel mill
transportation
Mines

15. New Financial Businessman
The Broker:
J. Pierpont Morgan

16. Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt
Can’t I do what I want with my money?

17. Robber Barons The men who controlled these large industries
Rockefeller forced railroads to give him kickbacks and rebates
Carnegie controlled the steel industry
They had contacts in government and were able to get government to leave them alone
They got this name because of their crooked cutthroat tactics
This term soon was used to identify any wealthy entrepreneur no matter what industry they were in.

18. LAIZZEZ FAIRE
Concept that government should keep its hands off the economy (business) and let it regulate itself
Based on Charles Darwin’s concept of survival of the fittest or SOCIAL DARWINISM
The basic idea is that those businesses that survive do so because they are the strongest. Those that do not survive die because they are weak.
Government aided these businesses through protective tariffs.

19. CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY
The industrialists regarded themselves as captains of industry.
Carnegie was also a philanthropist. (someone who gives money to public/charitable causes)
According to his “Gospel of Wealth” he believed it was the responsibility of the wealthy to make sure their money was put to good use serving others, rather than being spent on frivolous pursuits

20. The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization
Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
Should not help the poor.
Russell H. Conwell

21. What About the Rest of the Country?
Some saw the wealth enjoyed by the few as being at the expense of those who remained in poverty
While business leaders grew rich, the working class was left with harsh working conditions and low pay.
Child labor was harsh and most children had to work to help support their families.

22. Gilded Age
This period in the late 1800s became known as the “Gilded Age”.
Phrase came from Mark Twain who used it to illustrate a time in which it appeared that a layer of prosperity was covering the poverty and corruption that existed in much of society.

23. What About the South? The South saw an increase in industrialization.
Whereas northern industry focused on things like oil and steel, the South focused on mass production of goods directly related to agricultural products like tobacco and cotton.
Textile mills boomed in the South as did the tobacco industry (American Tobacco Co. owned by the Duke family)
Buck Duke also went on to form the Southern Power Co. to further develop the Carolinas.

24. Steel in the South
Birmingham, AL became known as the “Pittsburgh of the South”
Had great resources of iron ore
Bessemer process and proximity to natural resources made it an ideal location for steel production
Influential leaders in the South realized that it would have to industrialize to survive and prosper in the 20th century.

25. Cultural and Economic Effects of Industrialization
Despite higher prices there was a rise in the standard of living
Inventions such as Edison’s light bulb made electricity more widely available.
Electric lights, vacuum cleaners, typewriters, and the telephone made it possible for women to work outside the home.
Mass production caused prices to drop making these conveniences available to a larger part of the population

26. cont
Technological advances such as the electric trolley fueled the rise of a middle class and suburbs by allowing people to live further out
Businesses thrived also in international markets
As business leaders increased their profits they began to invest in other countries, eventually pulling the nation into international conflicts

27. The ‘Bosses’ of the Senate

28. The Protectors of Our Industries

29. The ‘Robber Barons’ of the Past

30. Government Regulation
Early attempts at government regulation of business were limited – tariffs and intervening in labor disputes on the side of business
1877 Interstate Commerce Commission formed to regulate railroad rates
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act – made monopolies illegal (Wasn’t really used successfully until Teddy Roosevelt attacked big business)