1. The Brain
The four major parts of the brain (in order of highest to lowest functioning)
the cerebrum
higher thought processes
the diencephalon
integrative functions
the cerebellum
receives sensory and motor input
the brain stem
Oldest part of brain (in terms of evolution)
Reflex arcs: heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure

3. Cerebrum lateral ventricle third ventricle skull Diencephalon thalamus
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Cerebrum
lateral ventricle
third ventricle
skull
Diencephalon
thalamus
(surrounds the
third ventricle)
meninges
corpus
callosum
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
fourth ventricle
Brain stem
midbrain
Cerebellum
pons
medulla
oblongata
spinal cord
a. Parts of brain

4. The Brain The brain is divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Hemispheres communicate with each other though a bridge of white matter called corpus callosum

5. The Brain Right side Left side
controls muscles on the left side
Left side
controls muscles on the right side of the body.
damage to one side of the brain will affect the opposite side of the body.

6. The Brain Brain divided into 4 lobes Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
Parietal Lobe
Sensory information
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, formation of memories  
Occipital lobe
Vision, interpreting vision

7. primary somatosensory area primary motor area somatosensory
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central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area
primary motor area
somatosensory
association area
premotor area
leg
motor speech
(Broca’s) area
trunk
primary taste area
arm
prefrontal
area
hand
general interpretation area
face
tongue
Occipital lobe
primary
visual area
lateral sulcus
visual
association
area
Temporal lobe
auditory association area
primary auditory area
sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area

8. The Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain.
It is the last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses.
The cerebrum carries out the higher thought processes required for learning and memory and for language and speech.

9. The Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Think layer of gray matter
Sulci – grooves
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobe
Gyrus – folds

10. The Cerebrum Primary Motor Area Primary Somatosensory area
Located in the frontal lobe
Controls skeletal muscles
Each body part is controlled by a certain section
Primary Somatosensory area
Located in the parietal lobe
Sensory information from skin and muscles arrives

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Hip
Trunk
Neck A
Trunk
Hip r
Leg
Arm
Elbow
Elbow m
Shoulder
Shoulder
Wrist
Knee
Foot
Forearm
wrist
Hand
Foreman
Hand
Toes
Little finger
Little finger
Ankle
Ring finger
Ring finger
Middle finger
Index finger
Middle finger
Genitals
Index finger
Thump
Thumb
Toes
Eye
Neck
Nose
Face
Face
Eyelid and eyeball
Lips, teeth,
gums, and jaw
Lips and jaw
Tongue
Tongue
Pharynx
Pharynx
Intra-abdominal
Size of the body part reflects the amount of cerebral cortex devoted to that body part
a. Prima ry motor area
b . Primary somatosensory area

12. The Cerebrum Association Areas Cerebral Palsy
Association areas are places where integration occurs
Pre-motor area
Organizes motor functions for skilled motor activities
Walking and talking
Cerebral Palsy
May be caused by O2 deprivation during birth which damages motor and association areas (may cause paralysis, spasms, lack of motor control)
Pre-motor area sends signal to cerebellum which integrates it

13. The Cerebrum Processing Centers
Processing centers of the cortex receive information from the other association areas and perform higher-level analytical functions.
Wernicke’s Area: understand written and spoken language
Broca’s Area: speech muscle control

14. Fig. 17.14a primary motor area motor speech sensory speech
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Fig a
primary motor
area
motor speech
(Broca’s area)
sensory speech
(Wernicke’s area)
primary auditory
area
primary
visual area

15. The Diencephalon
The hypothalamus and the thalamus are in the diencephalon.
The hypothalamus is the integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.
The thalamus integrates sensory input from the visual, auditory, taste, and somatosensory systems.
The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon. It secretes the hormone melatonin which is responsible for normal body rhythms.
Thalamus – sends it to the appropriate place in the cerebrum

16. Fig. 17.12 corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus olfactory bulb
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Fig
corpus
callosum
thalamus
hypothalamus
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
amygdala
hippocampus

17. The Cerebellum
The cerebellum receives sensory input from the joints, muscles, and other sensory pathways about the present position of body parts.
It also receives motor output from the cerebral cortex about where these parts should be located.
The cerebellum maintains balance and posture.

18. The Cerebellum

19. The Brainstem The brain stem contains: Midbrain: relay station
Pons: bundles of axons traveling b/t cerebellum and rest of brain
medulla oblongata: contains a number of reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

20. The Brainstem

21. Video
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