1. Chapter 8 Central Nervous System Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

2. CNS Functions CNS stands for central nervous system Communication and coordination system in the body Gives us personality Seat of intellect and reasoning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

3. The Nerve Cell Called the neuron Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane Dendrites – received the signal Axons (only one per cell) –myelin sheath (how it conducts the signal

4. Nervous Tissue/Cells Neurons (different types) –Sensory = afferent –Motor or efferent –Associative or interneurons Membrane excitability

5. Synapse When messages go from one cell to the next cell Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

6. Divisions of the Nervous System Central nervous system –Brain –Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system –12 pairs of cranial nerves (coming out of the brain) –Eyes, smell, ect… –31 pairs of spinal nerves –Autonomic nervous system (fight or flight Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

7. Effects of Aging Slowing nerve conduction Loss of brain size Slowing of reaction time Changes in sleep patterns

8. The Brain Weighs about 1400 grams or 3 pounds 100 billion neurons Meninges (covering) and cerebrospinal fluid Without oxygen, brain damage occurs within 4-8 minutes Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

9. The Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

10. The Brain

11. Memory Storage of old and new information Role of the hippocampus Short or long term memory

12. Meninges =Coverings of the Brain Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

13. Ventricles of the Brain Four lined cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid 1 st and 2 nd –Right and left lateral ventricles 3 rd –Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen

14. Ventricles of the Brain 4 th –Connected to the 3 rd by the cerebral aqueduct Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

15. CSF Cerebral spinal fluid =CSF Formed inside the four ventricles Formation and flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) Blood-brain barrier Lumbar puncture

16. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Weighs about 2 pounds Cerebral cortex Two hemispheres and longitudinal fissure Fissures and sulci Gyri or convulutions Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

17. Five Major Fissures Longitudinal fissure Transverse fissure Central fissure Lateral fissure Parieto-occipital fissure Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

18. Cerebral Functions depends on location Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Limbic lobe or system Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

19. Diencephalon Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus

20. Important part of homeostasis Autonomic nervous control Cardiovascular control Temperature control Appetite control Water balance

21. Hypothalamus Manufacture of oxytocin Gastrointestinal control Emotional state Sleep control Mind-over-body experiences

22. Cerebellum Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum

23. Cerebellar Function Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum Maintenance of balance Maintenance of muscle tone Coordination of muscle movements

24. Brain Stem Midbrain Pons -breathing Medulla oblongata The cranial nerves 3-12 emerge

25. Spinal Cord Begins at foramen magnum of the occipital bone Ends at the second lumbar vertebrae 31 pairs of spinal nerves Protected by meninges and other tissues White and gray matter Functions

26. gray horns and the gray commissure form the “gray H.”commissure Columns” of white matter carry information either up or down the spinal cord

27. Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body  Excludes many potentially harmful substances  Useless against some substances  Fats and fat soluble molecules  Respiratory gases  Alcohol  Nicotine  Anesthesia

28. Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concussion  Slight or mild brain injury  Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers happened  Recovery likely with some memory loss  Contusion  A more severe TBI  Nervous tissue destruction occurs  Nervous tissue does not regenerate  Cerebral edema  Swelling from the inflammatory response  May compress and kill brain tissue

29. Cerebral edema –Swelling from the inflammatory response –May compress and kill brain tissue Subdural hematoma –Collection of blood below the dura Standards for these conditions were revised in 2004. Please check out TBIs at Mayoclinic.com for more current information on diagnostic terminology.

30. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Slide 7.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Commonly called a stroke  The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain  Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies  Loss of some functions or death may result

31. Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progressive degenerative brain disease  Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age  Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons  Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

32. Disorders Meningitis Encephalitis Epilepsy Cerebral palsy

33. Disorders Poliomyelitis Hydrocephalus Parkinson’s disease Essential tremor

34. Disorders Multiple sclerosis West Nile virus Dementia Alzheimer’s disease

35. Disorders Brain tumors Hematoma Spinal cord injuries –Quadriplegia –Paraplegia

36. Headaches Tension Migraine Cluster