1. Space Systems as Critical Infrastructure Iulia-Elena Jivanescu 1st Space Retreat, Tenerife, Spain, 8-22 January, 2013

2. Summary Objectives Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) Dependence of Critical Infrastructure (CI) on SCI Dependence of SCI on aggressive factors Nanosatellites for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Expected results

3. Objective 1: Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) December 8th 2008, European Council Directive 2008/114/EC „Critical infrastructure‟ means an asset, system or part thereof located in Member States which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact in a Member State as a result of the failure to maintain those functions.

4. CI sectors (European Commission 2010)

5. Objective 1: Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) “Space Critical Infrastructure” represents an interdependent system-of-systems which encompasses its workforce, environment, facilities and multidirectional interactions essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, whose distruction or disruption would have a significant impact in a Member State (country).

6. Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) North America 2003 blackout Affected CIs: Power, Water, Transportation, Communication, Industry 55 million people 12 fatalities 1-7 days Loss of $7-$10 billion

7. Objective 1: Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) Classification 1.Satellites (EO, telecom, GNSS, space stations, space probes, nanosats) 2.Groud stations 3.Links 4.Launchers 5.Legislative and Administrative Framework

8. Objective 1: Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) CI-SCI Interaction

9. Objective 1: Identification of Space Critical Infrastructure (SCI) Parameters for defining the criticality of SCI 1.Scalability 2.Redundancy 3.Substitution 4.Population affected 5.Concentration 6.Range – Beidou, GPS 7.Economic impact 8.Public confidence and perception 9.International relations 10.Public order-Estonia

10. Objective 2: Dependence of CI on SCI Health – Telemedicine – provides interactive healthcare utilizing modern technology and telecommunications Agriculture – land cover Financial – GPS satellites are used to time-stamp financial transactions and provide precise time signals for synchronization and fault detection Transport – railway control, highway traffic, aviation, marine navigation ICT – GPS enabled GSM mobile phones are expected to reach 770 million units in 2014 Navigation industry customers

11. Objective 3: Dependence of SCI on aggressive factors External factors

12. Objective 3: Internal factors – Terrorist threats Electronic interference – jamming or spoofing Laser attack on satellite sensors High powered microwave attacks Destruction Attacks on ground stations Kinetic energy attacks EM pulse from a nuclear explosion Cyber attacks

13. Risk and Crisis Management RM – relevant threat scenarios Space Critical Infrastructure Protection (SCIP) directed at strengthening the resilience of the assets that are essential to the functioning of our society identifying weakenesses, possible consequences, thus reducing the risks CM – incidents, emergencies and crises

14. Objective 4: Nanosatellites for Space Situational Awareness Need to aggregate data from recent smallsat launches Solitary missions  Formation/Constellation flying Cheap, rapid and do not turn into space debris Multiple points of observation  synchronize data collection & transmission

15. Expected results Impact both national and international policy-makers National level: endorsement of a National Security Strategy for Space Critical Infrastructure European level: the reports of the project can be used by the European Council to provide recommendations for the EU member states International level: implementation of our recommendations into nations’ security strategies for critical infrastructure protection

16. Thank you!