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The Cell Theory & Cell Structure Chapter 3, sections 1 and 2
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The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure & function All cells come from pre-existing cells
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Scientists and their Contributions 1655 – Robert Hooke coins the term “cell” after viewing cork under an early microscope A drawing of Hooke’s cork cells Hooke would have used a microscope like this
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Scientists and their Contributions 1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes the first living cells under a microscope
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Scientists and their Contributions 1838 – Matthias Schleiden determines that all plant tissues are made of cells 1839 – Theodor Schwann determines that all animal tissues are made of cells
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Scientists and their Contributions 1855 – Rudolf Virchow asserts that every cell comes from a pre-existing cell
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes CharacteristicProkaryoteEukaryote Outer boundary Cell wall and cell membrane always present Cell membrane always; cell wall sometimes NucleusNOYES
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes CharacteristicProkaryoteEukaryote DNA YES RibosomesYES
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes CharacteristicProkaryoteEukaryote Other organellesNOYES Kingdoms (classification) Eubacteria, Archaebacteria Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes: cell that does not have a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes: cell that does have a defined nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles
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Plants vs. Animals CharacteristicPlantsAnimals Outer boundaryCell wall and cell membrane Cell membrane only NucleusYES
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Plants vs. Animals CharacteristicPlantsAnimals DNAYES MitochondriaYES
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Plants vs. Animals CharacteristicPlantsAnimals ChloroplastsYESNO VacuolesOne large, central vacuole Many smaller vacuoles throughout
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Plants vs. Animals CharacteristicPlantsAnimals Trophic roleautotrophic (producer) heterotrophic (consumer) Kingdom (classification) PlantaeAnimalia
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Cells vary between and within organisms. Cells come in all sizes ex: bacterial cells are much smaller than a typical animal cell Some cells may have differences based upon their requirements ex: cells that need to produce lots of energy, like muscle cells, might have more mitochondria (since mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell).
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Key Organelles (1) Nucleus – control center of cell; contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); enclosed by a nuclear membrane with pores; only in eukaryotes
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Key Organelles (2) Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis some are free- floating, some are attached to rough ER
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Key Organelles (3) Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway” of cell; provides path for other substances to travel along; may be smooth (w/o ribosomes) or rough (w/ ribosomes)
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Key Organelles (4) Golgi Apparatus – “post office” of cell; modifies and packages protein & lipids before they are sent out of the cell
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Key Organelles (5) Mitochondria – “powerhouse” of cell; converts food energy into chemical energy (ATP); has a double membrane and its own DNA (which can be considered evidence of endosymbiosis)
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Key Organelles (6) Lysosomes – enzyme-filled sacs that digest cellular wastes
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Key Organelles (7) Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis; converts solar/light energy into sugar (glucose); found in plant cells, some bacteria, and some protists; has a double membrane and its own DNA (which can be considered evidence of endosymbiosis)
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Key Organelles (8) Vacuoles – storage tank; primarily for water but also holds some minerals and other dissolved solids; plant cells have one large central vacuole while animal cells multiple, smaller vacuoles
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Make sure you can… Label the key organelles on a plant and / or animal cell diagram! Compare and contrast: –Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes –Plant and Animal cells
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