1. Diversity in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya (except for animals)

2. Introduction Life developed on earth 3.1-3.8 billion years ago
The first living organisms were simple cells with little internal structures and primitive metabolism (prokaryotes)
All living species evolved from them.

3. Introduction
There are between 8 and 20 million existing species. Less than 2 million have been named
Taxonomy = classification system
Linnaeus classification system based upon structural similarities between species.
Modern classification system based upon evolutionary relationships (determined by DNA sequencing).

4. Classification categories
domain
kingdom - a group of related phyla
phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes.
class - a group of related orders
order - a group of related families
family - a group of related genera
genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species
Species - a kind of living organism . All organisms who can potentially reproduce together under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.

5. Naming species
Binominal nomenclature (two names)
The scientific name of a species is formed by the genus name followed by species name
Homo sapiens Canis familiaris

6. 3 Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Includes blue-green algae
The Eukarya are divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Plants, Fungi, Animals and ?Protista?

7. Biology by Krogh: The term protist is a label of
convenience rather than a label that reflects
evolutionary reality….It actually refers to many
different evolutionary lines of organisms.
Recent studies of protist DNA and ultrastructure has shown that the protists are far more diverse than had been previously thought. They probably should be classified in several kingdom-level taxa. We retain the word "protist" as a convenient term to mean "eukaryote that isn't a plant, animal, or fungus."
University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology 2011

8. University of California Berkeley Museum of Paleontology 2011: The 12 kingdoms

9. Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea

10. Domains Bacteria & Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Domains Bacteria & Archaea
Kingdom ?Protista?
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Cells Type
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Number of Cells
Unicellular or Colonial
Multicellular
Type of Nutrition
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic (Saprophytic)
Heterotrophic (ingestion)
Cell Wall
Cell Wall or No Cell Wall
Cell Wall (Cellulose)
Cell Wall (Chitin)
No Cell Wall
Examples
Bacteria & Blue-Green Bacteria (algae)
Protozoa & some algae
Seaweeds, some algae, mosses, vascular plants
Mushrooms, molds
Humans, fish, insects

11. Cell Types:
Prokaryotic: small, simple cells which lack a nucleus and other cell structures
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and internal structures

12. Number of cells:
Unicellular-one celled organism
Multicellular-many cells that function as a unit. Individual cells do not survive on their own.
Colony- a group of cells which are attached to each other, but each cell could survive on its own.

13. Type of Nutrition:
Autotrophic- an organism that make its own food, usually by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic- an organism that does not make its own food, it consumes other organisms by either ingesting them or by decomposing them( saprophytes).

14. Cell wall:
material secreted by the cell
external to the plasma membrane
Chemical composition varies by kingdom

15. Domain Bacteria Bacteria, includes Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae).
Prokaryotic organisms
Unicellular or colonial
Autotrophic (chemosynthesis or photosynthesis) or heterotrophic
Cell wall
Reproduce by cell division. Also have sexual recombination.
Bacteria decompose dead bodies and cause disease

16. Examples of blue-green algae: Oscillatoria, Nostoc.

17. rod-shaped (bacillus) Spiral shaped (spirillus)
Bacterial Shapes
Spherical (coccus)
rod-shaped (bacillus)
Spiral shaped (spirillus)

18. Domain Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria) Prokaryotic
Some but not all live under extreme conditions
There are basic differences between the biochemistry of Archaea and Bacteria.

19. Domain Eukarya Kingdom. Protista
Domain Eukarya Kingdom ?Protista? (very heterogeneous – not a real group))
Eukaryotic cells
Unicellular and colonial organisms
Some do have a cell wall, some do not.
1. Plant-like protista
Autotrophic (photosynthesis): Euglena, Diatom.
2. Animal-like protista, called Protozoa.
. Move to catch food: Amoeba-pseudopodia. Paramecium-cilia.
3. Fungus-like protista, saprophytes.

20. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi
Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic cells
Heterotrophic-decomposers
Cell wall
Hyphae - microscopic, branching filaments, which take food from the substrate
Mycelium – the whole group of hyphae
Several phyla of fungi: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, bread mold, yeast, bracket fungus, ring worm

21. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cell wall made of cellulose
The plant kingdom is divided into many phyla, but there are three groups of phyla:
1. Algae (but are these in the kingdom Plantae, or their own kingdom(s)?)
2.Primitive Land Plants
3.Vascular Plants

22. Textbook: Red, brown, and green algae are in the Protista kingdom
Lab manual: Red, brown and green algae are in the Plant kingdom (see table on page 96)
UC Berkeley: Red, brown and green algae are in separate kingdoms.

23. Algae (except for the blue-green algae)
Filamentous body or flat, thin body
Eukaryotic, cells with cell wall and chloroplasts
Unicellular or colonial
Photosynthetic
Do not have vascular tissues
Most live in water

24. Examples of Algae
1. Green - fresh water, salt water, wet land: Spirogyra, Ulva
2. Red algae - deep ocean: Polysiphonia
3. Brown algae - ocean, coastal, huge seaweeds: (kelp) [Fucus].

25. Primitive Land Plants [Non-Vascular]
They do not have vascular tissues, so are small
They do have leaf-like, stem- like, and root-like structures.
Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

26. Vascular Plants or Tracheophytes
Have vascular tissue:
Xylem – transports water and minerals
Phloem - transports organic matter, mainly sugar
They have true roots, stems, and leaves
They are grouped by their reproductive structures.

27. Vascular plants: Seedless Plants – primitive leaves, roots and stems.
-they make spores, do not make seeds
-require water for reproduction
-Examples: Fern, horsetail
2. Seed plants
-produce seeds
-produce pollen
- do not require water for reproduction

28. Vascular Seed Plants 1. Gymnosperms- naked seeds in cones
*Do not have flowers or fruit
*Examples: Cycads, Ginkgos, and Conifers
2. Angiosperms
*Produce flowers [pollinated by wind, insects, birds, etc.]
*After fertilization, part of the flower develops into a fruit.
*Within the fruit the seeds develop.

29. Phylum Angiospermae 1.Class Monocots.
One cotyledon inside of the seed, narrow leaves with parallel veins, and flower parts in multiples of 3 or 6.
Grasses and grains (corn, rice, wheat).
2.Class Dicots.
Seeds with two cotyledons, broad leaves with netted veins, and flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5.
Beans, peas, rose, etc.