1. Early Earth & the Origin of Life (Ch. 26)

2. *The history of living organisms and the history of Earth are inextricably linked:
·  Formation and subsequent breakup of Pangaea affected biotic diversity

3. · The first photosynthetic organism released oxygen into the air and altered Earth’s atmosphere
·  Homo sapiens have changed the land, water, and air on a scale and at a rate unprecedented for a single species

5. Figure 2. Sea level is changing
Figure 2. Sea level is changing. Observing stations from around the world report year-to-year changes in sea level. The reports are combined to produce a global average time series. The year 1976 is arbitrarily chosen as zero for display purpose.
Figure 1. Global warming revealed. Air temperature measured at weather stations on continents and sea temperature measured along ship tracks on the oceans are combined to produce a global mean temperature each year. This 150-year time series constitutes the direct, instrumental record of global warming.

6. History of Life on Earth:
·  Life on Earth originated between 3.5 and 4.0 billion years ago
·  Because of the relatively simple structure of prokaryotes, it is assumed that the earliest organism were prokaryotes
*this is supported by
fossil evidence
(spherical & filamentous
prokaryotes recovered
from 3.5 billion year
old stromatolites in
Australia and Africa)

7.  Major Episodes in the History of Life:
·  first prokaryotes- 3.5 to 4.0 billion years ago
·  photosynthetic bacteria- 2.5 billion years ago

8. · first eukaryotes- 2 billion years ago
~The oldest unequivocal remains of a diversity of microorganisms occur in the 2.0 BYO Gunflint Chert of the Canadian Shield ~This fauna includes not only bacteria and cyanobacteria but also ammonia consuming Kakabekia and some things that ressemble green algae and fungus-like organisms

10. ·  plants evolved from green algae
·  fungi and animals arose from different groups of heterotrophic unicellular organisms

11.  ·  first animals (soft-bodied invertebrates)- 700 million years ago
·  first terrestrial colonization by plants and fungi- 475 million years ago
-plants transformed the landscape
and created new opportunities for all forms of life

12. Prebiotic Chemical Evolution:
·  Earth’s ancient environment was different from today:
-very little atmospheric oxygen
-lightning, volcanic activity, meteorite, bombardment, UV radiation all more intense

13. ·  Chemical evolution may have occurred in four stages:
1)   abiotic synthesis of monomers
2)  joining of monomers into polymers (e.g. proteins, nucleic acid)
3)  formation of protobionts (droplets
formed from clusters of molecules)
4)  origin of heredity (likely that RNA was first)

14. Oparin / Haldane hypothesis (1920s): the reducing atmosphere and greater UV radiation on primitive Earth favored reactions that built complex organic molecules from simple monomers as building blocks

15. Miller / Urey experiment:
Simulated conditions on early Earth by
constructing an apparatus containing H2O, H2,
CH4, and NH3.
Results:
They produced amino acids and other organic molecules.
Additional follow-up experiments have produced all 20 amino acids, ATP, some sugars, lipids and purine and pyrimidine bases of RNA and DNA.

17. ·  Protobionts: collections of abiotically produced molecules able to maintain an internal environment different from their surroundings and exhibiting some life properties such as metabolism and excitability
(experimental evidence
suggests spontaneous
formation of
protobionts)

19. self-repliating RNA as early “genes”
possible formation
of protobionts;
self-repliating RNA as early “genes”

20. Origin of Life - Different Hypotheses:
*No one knows how life actually began on Earth; experiments indicate key steps that could have occurred.
·  Panspermia: some organic compounds may have reached Earth by way of meteorites and comets
meteorite

21. ·  Sea floor / Deep-sea vents: hot water and minerals emitted from deep sea vents may have provided energy and chemicals needed for early protobionts
·  Simpler hereditary systems (self-replicating molecules) may have preceded nucleic acid genes.

22. (Monera) (Protista) (Plantae) (Fungi) (Animalia)
The Major Lineages of Life: the 5 Kingdom System
Living organisms
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Simple/unicells Multicellular
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Absorptive Ingestive
nutrition nutrition
(Monera)
(Protista)
(Plantae)
(Fungi)
(Animalia)

23. How was the atmosphere of the early earth different than it is today?
The early earth’s atmosphere contained mostly carbon monoxide
The early earth’s atmosphere had more oxygen than it has today
The early earth’s atmosphere contained more single celled organisms than it does today
The early earth’s atmosphere did not contain oxygen

24. In the 4-stage hypothesis for the chemical evolution of life, which of the following is the correct sequence?
Synthesize monomers; join monomers; form protobionts; system of heredity
Form protobionts; synthesize monomers; join monomers; system of heredity
System of heredity; join monomers; synthesize monomers; form protobionts
Synthesize monomers; join monomers; system of heredity; form protobionts

25. What is a protobiont?
A self-replicating early life form that uses RNA for heredity
A group of monomers that join/bond when temporarily bonded to materials such as clay or volcanic rock
Early enzymes that were able to join basic amino acids together
Collection of abiotically produced molecules that can maintain an internal environment and exhibit some life properties

26. What is the name of the alternate hypothesis for the “seeding” of organic compounds on earth by meteorites & comets?
Deep Sea Vent Hypothesis
Panspermia
Impact Hypothesis
Early Earth “Seeding” Hypothesis

27. In the 5 Kingdom system used to classify all life, what are the names of the Kingdoms?
Bacteria; Plantae; Animalia; Fungi; Protista
Bacteria; Plantae; Animalia; Fungi; Monera
Plantae; Animalia; Bacteria; Monera; Protista
Plantae; Animalia; Fungi; Monera; Protista