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The Basic Organization of Living Forms ESC 556 Environmental Biology Week 2
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Fundamentals of Life Characteristics of Life Living matter vs. Inanimate matter Cellular organisation Nutrition Growth Respiration Responsiveness Movement Excretion Reproduction Catabolism vs. Anabolism
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The Flame of Life Analogies Respire Nutrition Reproduce Excrete Grows Moves Responsiveness Organized Differences DNA/RNA Anabolic Metabolism
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The Cell Smallest Unit of Life prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Membrane bound nucleus Organelles Size differences Surface Area / Volume Ratio
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Differences: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Genetic material transfer
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Cell Membrane Separate the cell from its environment Lipid bilayer w/ proteins Attachment Movement of water & other bulk items Transport of molecules & ions Reception of chemical messages Passive transport Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion Active transport (pumps) Endocytosis Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
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Endocytosis
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Plant Cell Walls Cellulose Hemicelluloses Pectin Lignin Organic material Highest in high latititudes
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Plant Cell Wall
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Energy Transformations Growth, maintenance and replication 1 st & 2 nd Laws of Thermodynamic Photosynthesis Enzymes ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
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Photosynthesis & Respiration 3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules 2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen Respiration Formula: 6CO 2 +12H 2 O + Light 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O Chlorophyll Chloroplast Inefficient
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Photosynthesis
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Enzymes
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Materials of Life 97 % N, O, C, H 90 & H and O Water Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Water ¾ of the earth’s surface 2/3 of all organisms Three forms Polar molecule Universal solvent Adhesion – transport systems Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization Most dense @ 4 o C
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Carbohydrates Small molecules to long polymers Energy storage Sugars (CH 2 O) n Short term Monosaccharides Isomers Long Term Disaccharides & Polysaccharides Polysaccharide Glucose
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Carbohydrates Structural Elements Polysaccharide cellulose Polysaccharide chitin Cellulases
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Lipids Non-polar Many different kinds Fats Storage of energy Phospholipids Cell membrane Polar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer Terpenes Steroids
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Proteins Various functions Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide) 20 amino acids
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Nucleic Acids Information storage Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA Replicate itself Pass on hereditary material Nucleotides DNA structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Four bases
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Nucleic Acids DNA structure
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Nucleic Acids/DNA
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Nucleic Acids RNA Read the DNA & produce proteins Structure Ribose Uracil instead of thymine
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From DNA - Proteins
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Genetic Code
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The Diversity of Life At least 10 million species 1.5 million described
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Levels of Organization Individual Unitary vs. Modular Population Defined area Community Physical feature of the habitat or dominant species Ecosystem Interaction between communities & their environment Material recycling
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Species concept Species Morphological species concept identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria Biological species concept groups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups Isolating mechanisms Habitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid failure Problems with fossil & asexual species Hybrid problem Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species concept All those individuals that share a common evolutionary history
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Phylogenetic relationships
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Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species
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Classification & the Binomial System Linnaeus Felis catus Ranks
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Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus
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Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya prokaryotes eukaryotes
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Bacteria vs. Archaea Peptidoglycan layer
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Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista prokaryotes eukaryotes
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Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
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Protists Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently
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Animalia Blastula Multicellular heterotrophs Tripoblasty Ectoderm Endoterm Mesoderm Movement Tube-within-tube Complex nervous systems
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Plantae Photosynthesis Cell wall Sessile 350,000 species Land plants
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Land Plants Nonvascular Vascular Gymnosperms Angiosperms
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Fungi Heterotrophs Absorb their food Cell walls Spores Decomposition
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Evolution of Kingdoms
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