1. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Honors Biology

2. 2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: 1.ATOM (element) 2.MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) 3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …) copyright cmassengale

3. 3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: 1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms) 2.TISSUE (cells working together 3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) 4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) 5.ORGANISM copyright cmassengale

4. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. 4 Nerve cells in the retina by Santiago Ramon

5. FIRST TO VIEW CELLS In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells) What he saw looked like small boxes

6. FIRST TO VIEW CELLS Hooke is responsible for naming cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

7. Important People 1) Robert Hooke – discovered cells by looking at cork (dead plant cells) 2) Anton von Leeuwenhoek – made the first simple microscope, first to view organism (LIVING THINGS) 3) Matthias Schleiden – German botanist; concluded that all plants are made up of cells (cofounder of cell theory) 7

8. Important People 4) Theodor Schwann – German zoologist; concluded that all animals are made up of cells (cofounder of cell theory) 5) Rudolf Virchow – German physician; he reasoned that all cells come from other pre- existing cells by cell division 8

9. CELLS! Smallest unit of life in all living things Two basic types: 9 Prokaryotic – Simple Smaller No membrane- bound organelles No nucleus MAY have a cell wall Ex: Bacteria Eukaryotic – More complex Membrane- bound organelles Ex: Plants, Animals, and Fungi

10. CELL TYPES Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell (Eukaryote) Plant Cell (Eukaryote) Bacterial Cell (Prokaryote) **SMALLEST

11. 11 CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter copyright cmassengale

12. 12 How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ? 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns copyright cmassengale

13. NUMBER OF CELLS Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.

14. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

15. 15 Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cellsRed blood cells Cheek cells copyright cmassengale

16. 16 ATOMS  MOLECULES  ORGANELLES Nonliving Levels copyright cmassengale

17. 17 CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together Living Levels   copyright cmassengale

18. 18 ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM Different tissues working together Different organs working together  More Living Levels copyright cmassengale

19. ALL CELLS… Contain 4 basic cell structures: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA **not an organelle

20. PROKARYOTES – THE FIRST CELLS Simplest and smallest type of cell – Includes bacteria NO nucleus NO/FEW organelles 1 Single, circular chromosome Think: “Pro” athlete plays with 1 ball

21. PROKARYOTES Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA (NO nulceus) Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (made of peptidoglycan) Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins Flagella for movement

22. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: (pro- means before, and -karyote means nucleus) – First type of cells to evolve – Very small (size of mitochondria) – Unicellular – Two Types: 1)Archaea 2) Eubacteria – Cell Division/Reproduction: Asexual via Binary Fission

23. Prokaryote Shape Three Shapes: 1)Bacillus (rod shaped) 2)Cocci (spherical) 3)Spirilla (spiral)

24. Prokaryote Cell Structure Components: cell membrane cell wall ribosomes flagella nucleoid region (NO NUCLEUS) cytoplasm capsule pili NO membrane-bound organelles

25. Functions Capsule - Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients. Cell Wall - Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape. Cytoplasm - A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane - Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell. 25

26. Function cont’d Pili - Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells. Flagella - Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion. Ribosomes - Cell structures responsible for protein production. Nucleiod Region - Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule. 26

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28. EUKARYOTES All eukaryotic cells HAVE: a Nucleus membrane-bound organelles These cell types includes: protists fungi plants animals More complex type of cells

29. Eukaryotic Cells Divided into compartments Unicellular or Multicellular Organelles → structures that have a specific function in the cell (including the nucleus) Cytoplasm → region between nucleus and plasma membrane that surrounds organelles – Filled with cytosol (watery-jelly part) and organelles – Contains centrioles, which help with cell division  reproduction 29

30. 30 Organelles Organelles are individual structures that have specific functions. Together, these organelles carry out the necessary jobs in order for that cell to survive. Many other things are organized in this way as well. Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound copyright cmassengale

31. Types of Eukaryotes Unicellular (Protozoa) – Protists Paramecium, amoebae – Fungi Yeast Multicellular (Metazoa) – Fungi – Plants – Animals Reproduction for ALL eukaryotes may be asexual or sexual

32. Features in Common between Eukaryote & Prokayrote Both eukaryote and prokaryote cells have these features in common: 1) Surrounded by a plasma/cell membrane This determines what enters and leaves the cell It is thin and flexible and does not provide much structural support Ex: school doors 2) Have RIBOSOMES MAKES proteins by linking amino acids (protein synthesis) 3) Have DNA or RNA as genetic material 32

33. TWO MAIN TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant Cell Animal Cell