1. Cells
Bio 1
Mr. Hellmer

2. What is a cell?
Basic functional, structural, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
Surrounded by a membrane (lipid bilayer)
Cells can replicate independently (cells only come from other cells)
Building blocks of life

3. Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells
Basic unit of structure and function in organisms
Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

4. Size, shape, and internal organization varies
Diversity
Size, shape, and internal organization varies
Humans have at least 200 different cell types
Volume grows faster than surface area
Surface allows for passage of materials
Shape enables function
Nerve Cell
Red and White Blood Cells

5. All cells are surrounded by a Cell Membrane
Not all cells are the same inside:
Eukaryotes - have membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotes- no membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell

6. Prokaryotes Simple organization No membrane bound organelles
No membrane bound nucleus
Can have a cell wall
Usually circular DNA
Unicellular
Examples:
Bacteria (Escherichia coli & Staphylococcus aureus)
Archaea (Halobacteria)
Halobacteria (Archaea)
E. Coli (Bacteria)

7. Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Eukaryotes
Complex organization
Membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound nucleus
Linear DNA
Multicellular and unicellular
Examples:
Plants, animals, fungi, protists

8. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Simple organization
No membrane bound organelles
No membrane bound nucleus
Can have a cell wall
Usually circular DNA
Unicellular
Eukaryotes
Complex organization
Membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound nucleus
Linear DNA
Multicellular and unicellular

9. Prokaryote

10. Eukaryote

11. Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote

12. Cell Parts Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell (plasma) membrane
Cell wall (bacteria and plants)
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Flagella
DNA
RNA
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Cilla and Flagella
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole
plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum

13. Cell (plasma) Membrane
Allows substances to pass into and out of the cell
Known as selectively permeable
Made primarily of lipids and proteins
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins are attaching site for signals and also allow passage of molecules

14. Organelles Internal functional structures of a cell
Prokaryotes only have ribosomes
All others are in Eukaryotes

15. Nucleus Stores DNA (hereditary information)
Surrounded by nuclear membrane and nuclear envelope
Where RNA is copied from DNA
RNA passes through nuclear pores (small holes in nuclear envelope)
Contains chromatin (DNA and protein) which coil up when the cell will divide into chromosomes

16. Nucleolus
Located in the nucleus
Where ribosomes are made

17. Cytoplasm Between cell membrane and nucleus Contains:
cytosol (gelatin-like fluid)
organelles, salts, minerals, and organic molecules

18. Mitochondria
Where ATP (energy) is made from glucose (cell respiration)
Drives chemical reactions in a cell
Powerhouse of cell
More energy use, more mitochondria
2 membranes
Outer membrane is barrier
Inner membrane has folds (cristae) that increase surface area where reactions occur
Have their own DNA
Grow and divide only from other mitochondria

19. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis and transport of molecules inside cell (cellular highway)
Two types of ER:
Rough ER has ribosomes on it
More in cells that make a lot of proteins
Smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes
Makes steroids (gland cells)
calcium (muscle cells)
breakdown toxins (liver cells)
Both types may be continuous with each other

20. Golgi Apparatus Processing, packaging, and secreting of molecules
“UPS” of cell
Works with ER

21. Lysosome Small spherical vesicle containing enzymes
Digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, and RNA, old organelles, viruses, bacteria
Garbage disposal of cell
Rare in plants
#12

22. Ribosome Composed of protein and RNA (no membrane)
Packaged from the nucleolus
Synthesis of proteins
Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm – proteins for the cell
Ribosomes on Rough ER – proteins for export

23. Cytoskeleton Long protein strands that maintain the shape of the cell
Microfilaments
Smallest strands
Movement of cell and contraction of muscle cells
Microtubules (hollow tubes)
Largest strands
Organized by centrosome
Form spindle fibers for cell division

24. Cillia and Flagella Part of the cytoskeleton
Cilia is short and numerous
On many unicellular (movement)
Also on some multicellular
Example: respiratory cells
Flagella is a long and less numerous
Example: 1 flagella on sperm cells

25. Centriole Make up centrosome
Organizes microtubules (mitotic spindle during cell division)
Not present in plants

26. Plant Cells Cell Wall surrounds cell membrane
Causes rigidity,
Central Vacuoles store enzymes and metabolic wastes
May take up to 90% of cell
May be toxic which provide defense
Plastids
contain DNA and store starch or pigments (which absorb light)
Chloroplast: which contain thylakoids (sacs)
Chlorophyll and Carotenoids
Photosynthesis

28. Cell Transport Passive Transport across a membrane
-Does NOT require energy
-Moves down the concentration gradient, from high to low
-Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport across a membrane
-Moves up the concentration gradient, from low to high
-Requires energy
-Sodium–Potassium Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Osmosis and how cells react in different conditions
- Outside of cell has lower concentration of solute than inside = water diffuses in
- Outside of cell has higher concentration of solute than inside = water diffuses out
- Outside of cell has equal concentration of solute to inside = water diffuses in and out