1. Effects of Industrialization
Chapter 9 Section 2

2. Effects Eventually led to a better quality of life Plentiful jobs
Initially caused human suffering
Unhealthy working conditions
Air and water pollution
Ills of child labor
Rise in class tensions between workers and the middle class
Pro
Con

3. Urbanization City building, and movement of people to cities
Cities were crowded
People had to live in small apartments

4. Living Conditions
No development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes existed
Lacked adequate housing, education and police protection
No drainage in streets
No garbage collection
Workers lived in dark, dirty places with entire families crowded into one bedroom
Sickness, disease outbreaks, and epidemics
Average lifespan: (urban) 17, (rural) 38

5. Working Conditions 14 hours a day/6 days a week Unclean Dark
Dangerous machines
No government aid for the disabled
Coal mining was the most dangerous
Women and children were the cheapest labor

6. Middle Class
Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Factory owners, shippers, merchants

7. Working Class Laborers
With the increase of new inventions and technology, many laborers began to see machines take over their jobs
Angry, some broke the machines they felt were replacing them
Example: Luddites attacked whole factories in Northern England in the early 1800s.

8. Long Term Effects Jobs Contributed to the wealth of a nation
Inventions and technology
Increased production of goods
Raised the standard of living
Hope to improve
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper, mass-produced clothing

9. Long Term Effects Educational opportunities Labor Unions Higher wages
Shorter hours
Better working conditions
Tax revenues

10. Industrialization Spreads

11. Industrial Development in the United States
Like Britain, the US also had many natural resources.
Rivers
Coal
Iron ore
Huge labor force (immigrants and farm workers)
Scared of competition, Britain tried to blockade the US from trade.

12. US Industrialization
Like in Britain, Industrialization here began in the textile industry as well.
First factory was opened by Moses Brown.
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
They mass produced the thread for cloth.
In 1813, the textile industry was revolutionized by Francis Lowell.
Because they were so scared, Britain had tried to keep all engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to themselves by not allowing them to leave the country. But of course that wasn’t going to work forever, and in 1789 and young mill worker named Samuel Slater emigrated to the US. The first factory was opened to house his machines that he had created. But in 1813, all of these machines were mechanized by Lowell, and this completely changed the way cloth was made.

13. Francis Lowell was a machinist Graduated from Harvard
Lobbied to add cotton to the US Tariff Act.
When he passed away, his friends decided to have the town named after him.
Lowell, Massachusetts became a huge manufacturing center.
This town was booming, and quickly became a model town for those around them.

14. Rural to Urban Shift
Like in Britain, the people (especially the women) left the country for the city.
Higher wages
Independence in the city
Worked 12 hours shifts in the factories, 6 days a week.
Lowell’s factory and town weren’t the only things changing at this time. The people in Britain shifted from the rural areas, to the urban areas and urbanized the towns extremely quickly. It was the same way in the US. Farmers realized that they could make more money if they specialized and move to factory work. So many people were leaving their farms for the first time, and moving into the cities to seek work.

15. Textiles and Clothing
Again, like in Britain the textile industry lead the way.
Clothing manufacturing increased
Shoemaking also mechanized
All of this was happening so quickly because most of the skilled workers and farmers of these regions were working in factories in the more industrialized cities like Waltham, Lowell, and Lawrence, Massachusetts.

16. Entered Slowly
Despite the new factories, the US was slow to industrialize.
Primarily agricultural til after Civil War in 1865
But then…Technological Boom.
Wealth of natural resources
Oil, coal,& iron
Burst of inventions
Light bulb, telephone
Growing population
Consumed all these new goods
People were at first too busy to deal with the new technology for the time period. People were too busy fighting a civil war, and if they weren’t fighting then they were focused on surviving during this era. But then things started to change quickly after the war ended. There was a huge technological boom. Like Britain, the US had a wealth of natural resources like Oil, coal, and iron. There were so many people inventing things in the US, that it was a huge era for technology as well. Edison invented the light bulb, and Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. These were both revolutionary pieces for the time. And because people were still moving into the cities, all of these new goods were quickly being scooped up by the rising population.

17. Thomas Alva Edison
Said to be the responsible for creating the modern world.
Didn’t speak until he was almost 4 years old.
Had it existed then, he would have been diagnosed with ADHD as a child.
His parents were middle class, but saved money to hire him a tutor to fill his curiosity for science.
Only 3 months of formal schooling.
Little interesting factoid: he didn’t learn to talk until he was almost 4 years old.

18. Alexander Graham Bell Taught music at an all boy’s school.
Survived tuberculosis.
Teacher of deaf students at Boston School for the Deaf.
When he died in 1922, the entire nation stopped using telephones for a full minute in his honor.
He also had a deaf mother, which is why his passion was related to things with hearing, and sound. He was interested in making the noises people made travel through wires, and making sounds travel through the air.

19. Railroads
Because of railroads, cities like Chicago and Minneapolis were growing.
They were located right by the railroads.
Chicago- hugely prosperous stockyard industry
Minneapolis- grain industry was rapidly growing.
Railroads alone were profitable.
By the end of the century, a majority of the railroads were owned by a couple of large powerful companies. Because of this, other companies began to follow in the shoes of the railroad industry and smaller companies would join together to make larger ones.

20. Population and Railways in the US

22. Corporal America So where to get the $$?
Building railroads takes lots of money, so businesses would sale stock.
Stock- shares of a company, with certain rights of ownership. Each stock holder becomes part owner in the companies.
Corporations- a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
By selling this stock, corpotations could make enough moneyto raise the large amounts of capital needed to invest in industrial equipment.

23. New Corporations Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller)
Carnegie Steel Company
(Andrew Carnegie)
Both of these men wanted to control each and every little part of their industry. By owning the entire industry, you could cut your costs way down, and increase the profit margins.
Rockefeller- completely changed the oil industry. Became the worlds richest man with a net worth of more than a billion dollars. Said that he was a very religious man, and it’s claimed that he was a baptist.
Carnegie-Although Carnegie became one of the richest men in America, he had a true rags to riches story. He was a poor child, who became a very successful entrepreneur. He completely changed the steel industry, and then when he retired he donated his company and money to schools and scientific institutions to try and make a better society . He was quoted saying, "I began to learn what poverty meant,” "It was burnt into my heart then that my father had to beg for work. And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got to be a man."

24. European Industrialization
Europe saw what was occurring around them, and wanted the same for their selves.
They called it the British Miracle- the result of profiting from new manufactured goods.
The Napoleonic wars and French Revolution had put an end to trade.
This lack of trade made the economical gap wide between Europe, and Britain. Britain was continuing to raise more and more money by making processed goods, and trading them.

26. Unit 7: The Industrial Revolution (1700 – 1900)
The Industrial World
Unit 7: The Industrial Revolution
(1700 – 1900)

27. European Industrialization
Belgium- European leader in the race to industrialization.
Significant amounts of iron ore
Coal
Many waterways for transportation (like the US and Britain)
Cockerill had intentions of making his way to Belgium, and building a spinning machine to help improve their industrialization. His son, was actually successful in building an industrial enterprise for Belgium. Because of Cockerill’s son, they produced mechanical equipment, steam engines, and railway locomotives. Because of his escape, and his recent success, other people from Britain started to come and work with him in Belgium. This lead to the opening of many companies and factories in Europe.

28. Germany At this time, Germany was still very politically divided.
Little resources
Obviously would slow down the industrialization process.
Instead of nationwide industrialization, there were certain areas that were industrialized.
The areas that were rich in coal.
In around 1835, Germany started to copy Britain.
Imported British engineers, and machines.
Also sent their kids to Britain in order to learn industrial management.
“Smokestacks seem to sprout from the earth like mushrooms.”
They also built railroads that would link together their biggest cities that were so quickly growing with manufacturing. Frankfurt was one of them, mainly because there were a lot of coal deposits there, as well as iron ore. And as we have discussed, both of those items were needed in order to prosper and grow in this industrial revolution. They needed both of those items to use for power to run these factories and machines. Germany didn’t actually start full industrializing until after their unification in After unification, their steel production doubled every decade from 1870 to 1900.

29. Europe

30. Expansion in Europe Continued to grow by region, instead of country.
In large farming communities, industry would arise in little pockets of an area.
Bohemia, Catalonia, & Northern Italy all had their little pockets of industrial growth.
They used serf labor in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Belgium was the first to industrialize, mainly because of it’s small size. Because of this, it’s coal and natural resources were near each other making it easier for them to industrialize. They also built a railroad around this time period.

31. France
The agriculture in France was still booming, so industrialization didn’t occur so suddenly here.
Avoided social and economic problems because of this.
1850- their government began constructing their first railroads.
Like we said before, because Napoleon had separated most of Europe from Great Britain due to his hatred for them, France as well as the rest of Europe had industrialized slowly. They had been economically cut off from Great Britain when they were embargoed from all trade with them. The new technology that was developing in GB, wasn’t immediately showing up in France. So, their agriculture was still prominent and growing rapidly.

32. Not for Everyone Some nations didn’t industrialize.
Social structures slowed the new production methods.
Austria-Hungary and Spain- people didn’t have means of transportation to get to the city.
Austria-Hungary’s mountains limited their transportation.
Spain- horrible roads and not much water to use for transport.
So because of these social structural differences, Austria-Hungary and Spain didn’t have the means to grow and prosper like Great Britain did. The natural resources weren’t close together allowing them to build up and industrialize around them. They had a lack of transportation as well, unlike GB, they didn’t have thousands of miles of water channels, and railroads, and roads to use for travel.

33. Industrialization’s Impact
Competition increased among nations
Widened the wealth gap
Britain used it’s overseas colonies for their natural resources.
Soon, the US, Russia, and Japan followed Britain’s lead and started using those colonies for the natural resources and markets.
Imperialism- the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands in order to build an empire and increase its wealth.
Industrialized nations began to compete more and more, and increased poverty in nations that weren’t as developed.
-The industrialized nations continued to become more wealthy, which increased the gap wealth between them and the non industrialized nations.
-The non-industrialized nations were used for the natural resources that they could supply to the industrialized nations. . They had lots of raw materials that the industrial nations needed for their benefit and to support their industrial growth.

34. Imperialism Great Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.
Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization because these empires needed the resources that their colonies had.
Why did we say that imperialism game countries more money, and power?

35. Society Transformed So many influencing factors:
Agricultural revolution
Production of new goods
Transportation revolution
Communication changing
Industrialization gave Europe a huge amount of power economically.
Changed their daily life, as well as their life expectancy.
Health and wealth started to improve because of all these industrial changes.
The new middle class
More opportunity for education and a chance to participate in government.
All of these things would change the way people worked, lived, traveled, and communicated with others around the world. So why might this be important? Well the way that society had been for so many years, was now changing. People were not just working on the farm, they had the option of working in a factory or to become educated in a trade that would be useful for industrial production. All of the new goods impacted the way in which people acquired the things that they needed…clothes, shoes, food…it no longer had to all be homemade and hand stitched. The quickly expanding routes of transportation would open up the possibility of trade with other countries that maybe had once been inaccessible. The new forms of communication would also change the way in which business was handled, people in different towns could now quickly communicate with someone in a different area by telephone. This was something that was completely new to them. We kind of take advantage of this today, because we don’t know what it was like to live without all of the new technologies that we are so obsessed with today. We have about 15 different kinds of communication at the tip of our fingers with cellular technology.

36. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire- the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.
They came from the French economic philosophers that were practicing during the Enlightenment.
Discouraged large tariffs (taxes)
Government regulations interfered with the production of wealth.
If government allowed free trade, then in return the economy would grow and prosper.
The laissez- faire policy favored a free market that wasn’t underneath of a governmental control. It is a French term for “let people do as they please.”

37. Adam Smith A professor at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.
Defended the free economy, or free markets.
Wrote The Wealth of Nations.
Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.
The government should interfere with the market.
Three Laws of Economics:
The law of self interest- people work for their own good
The law of competition-competition forces people to make better products.
The law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.
He is often called the father of economics.

38. Capitalism
Capitalism- Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
Natural laws should govern economic life
Helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution
 Capitalism is a difficult, problematic term; it applies to a diversity of phenomenon spread across disparate historical cultures with substantially variable world views. However, the term is an Enlightenment European term used to describe European practices; so the term "capitalism" means more than just a body of social practices easily applied across geographical and historical distances, it is also a "way of thinking," and as a way of thinking does not necessarily apply to earlier European origins of capitalism or to capitalism as practiced in other cultures.
Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally individualistic, that is, that the individual is the center of capitalist endeavor. This idea draws on all the Enlightenment concepts of individuality: that all individuals are different, that society is composed of individuals who pursue their own interests, that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests (this, in capitalism, is called "economic freedom"), and that, in a democratic sense, individuals pursuing their own interests will guarantee the interests of society as a whole.
Capitalism as a way of thinking is fundamentally based on the Enlightenment idea of progress; the large-scale social goal of unregulated capitalism is to produce wealth, that is, to make the national economy wealthier and more affluent than it normally would be. Therefore, in a concept derived whole-cloth from the idea of progress, the entire structure of capitalism as a way of thinking is built on the idea of "economic growth." This economic growth has no prescribed end; the purpose is for nations to grow steadily wealthier.

39. Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.
Argued that the population grew faster than the food supply.
Seemed to be true during the 1840s.
He said that without wars and epidemics to kill people off, most people were gonna be poor and miserable their entire lives. Thinkers like Malthus, and Smith opposed government efforts to help poor workers. They thought that if the government were to interfere, and make minimum wages laws, and better working conditions then it would upset the free market system, and lower profits would in return hurt the production of wealth in society.

40. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism-people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness.
Introduced by Jeremy Bentham.
The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Pushed for reform in education.
Bentham thought that in general, the individual should be able to pursue their own advantage without the government stepping in to control it. During the 1800s, John Stuart Mill another philosopher stepped into lead the utilitarian movement. Mill thought that people shouldn’t have to leave horribly deprived lives if they didn’t have to. That starvation was something that could, and should be avoided. He thought that agricultural endeavors shouldn’t be based upon how much money you and your family had, and that women should have rights including the right to vote. Mill thought that it was ridiculous that the government, who had so much power, couldn’t end these huge class/wealth differences.

41. Utopian Ideas Improved working conditions Low rent rates
Wanted a perfect living place
Moved to America, and built a community called New Harmony, Indiana.
Robert Owen

42. Socialism
Socialists thought that governments should intervene with business.
Socialism- the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
These thinkers thought that it was important for the government or the wealthy to take action, and that this would improve people’s lives.

43. Socialism
They were simply trying to offset all the negative effects that industrialism had on society.
Had an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice.
Thought that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.
If government would control all of these new factories, the mines, railroads, and other industries, then there wouldn’t be poverty and it would promote equality among all of the social classes.

44. Marxism
Karl Marx- a German journalist, created a very radical branch of socialism that is now called Marxism.
Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels.
Split society into two classes, the haves, and have-nots.
This was a 23 page pamphlet, that argued that human societies have always been split into warring classes. The haves were the middle class, or the employers, the have nots were the working class. So what would usually happen, is that the wealthy people controlled the means of producing goods, and the poor were slaving away doing hard, backbreaking labor under horrendous working conditions.
According to them, the only thing the Industrial Revolution had accomplished was to make the wealthy more rich, and poor even more impoverished. They thought that the workers would eventually get tired of this, and overthrow the owners.
The Communist Manifesto predicted that as capitalism progressed, the working class would become so large and so poor that revolution would be inevitable. The result: socialism, a new workers’ state where people contributed according to their ability and received according to their need. In time, government itself would become unnecessary and give way to a new stateless society, a final evolutionary stage called “communism.”

45. Marxism = Communism
Thought that capitalist system would eventually destroy itself. His predictions:
First- factories would destroy & drive small artisans and shops out of business
The large working class (the proletariat) would revolt, and take over the factories
The workers would then control the government
After a period of cooperative living and education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed.
Called this final stage: pure communism.
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46. What Does Communism Look Like?
Communism- a form of complete socialism in which the means of production– all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.
With this, private property would no longer exist.
Like the U.S.S.R. from
So with this, all goods and services would be shared by the people equally. Most of this didn’t really take off until after the turn of the century. Then, this pamphlet really started producing results. This was the inspiration for Russia’s leader Lenin, China’s Mao Zedong, and Cuba’s Fidel Castro. They took Marx’s work, and they adapted Marx’s beliefs and writings to their own specific situations and beliefs.
Marx thought that economics alone dominated society and the way things happen. But that is obviously not the case. Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, and a desire for democratic reforms also have a impact.

47. Capitalism vs. Socialism
Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production
Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest
Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer’s money. Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors
Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell.
Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business.
Socialism
The community or the state should own property and the means of production
Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all.
Socialists believe that capitalist employers take advantage of workers. The community or state must act to protect workers.
Capitalism creates unequal distribution of wealth and material goods. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.
An unequal distribution of wealth and material goods is unfair. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.

48. Labor Unions Horrible working conditions Long hours Dirty work areas
Very little pay
All these things lead to the creation of unions. Labor Unions- engaged in collective bargaining - negotiations between the workers and their employers.

49. Unionization
Skilled workers were the first to form unions because their special skills gave them collective bargaining power.
Strike- if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work.
At first, the British government denied their working class the right to join unions. They thought that it was a threat to social order, but they won the right to strike in Much later in the United States.

50. Reform Laws
Forced the political leaders to see the horrible conditions, and the abuses of the workers that the industrialization had actually caused.
Factory Act of made it illegal for employers to hire children under 9. Children aged 9-12 could only work for 8 hours a day, and year olds only 12 hours.
Mines Act kept women and children from working underground in the mines.
Ten Hours Act of the women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours.
In the US, the National Child Labor Committee was established in 1904 and National Child Labor Act passed in
Was struck down by the Supreme Court, because it interfered with state power.

51. Reform Spreads
These ideas, and the ideals of French Revolution helped to end slavery and promote rights for women and children.
Abolition of Slavery- Britain abolished slavery in 1833.
Ended in the US when the Civil War ended (1865 – 13th Amendment) in 1865 (Atlantic slave trade ended by U.S. Constitution in 1808).
In the eastern part of Prussia's Westphalia, violence erupted among free peasants and the landless, who were angry about the economy, which seemed to them to favor the well-to-do. The violence spread. There were demands for a people's army (national guard), trial by jury, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship and equitable taxation. One of the hopes among German liberals was a united Germany as opposed to a lot of states run by dukes or petty kings, and a few days later Wilhelm proclaimed himself head of the whole of the German fatherland. By the end of March the desire for unity among Germans was expressed by 600 delegates from across Germany gathering in Frankfurt for the purpose of creating a constitution for a united Germany. On March 12, 1848, a crowd of demonstrating workers and students was fired upon, and this unleashed a popular rising. Barricades went up, and the municipal guard went over to the side of the rebellion.
The peasants of Hungary were still largely serfs -- almost slaves. Their small middleclass and intellectuals from families of the nobility and families of men in civil service and the professions. These intellectuals had been affected by travel and reading. They were interested in liberalism, in human rights and emancipations, including nationhood similar to that possessed by the French and the United States. The sons of these intellectuals were students in the city of Budapest. They had rioted in February -- before the rising in Vienna. They wanted more liberty and the removal of Habsburg authority.
Romanians on February 20, 1848, drew up a petition demanding autonomy within the Habsburg Empire, and they set up a local "national guard."

52. Women’s Rights Factory work offered higher wages
BUT, only 1/3 of what men made.
International Council for Women- formed in 1888, to fight for the rights of women to have equality to men.
Women around the world joined.
Elementary and secondary education was generally available to women. Higher education was also increasingly available to women. They were given more legal power, and allowed control over their inheritance and earnings and even in some states, women were given a chance of winning at least joint custody of their children in the case of divorce. By 1900, 20% of the women in the U.S. were employed away from the home.

53. Reform in Many Areas
Education
Women’s Rights
Prison
Child Labor