1. 1 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training US & R CA-TF6 GPS Awareness Training

2. 2 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Enabling Objectives Identify the basic components of the GPS system Identify benefits to Task Force

3. 3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training This program will cover… Components GPS/NAVSTAR Features and operation of the GPS unit Benefits to the Task Force Using a GPS unit in US&R Operations

4. 4 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Basic Components of GPS GPS Receiver handheld device used to communicate with satellites to track position on earth. Computer mapping software is used to produce maps with detail downloaded from GPS Receivers GPS use with maps GPS use in the task force setting

5. 5 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Task Force Benefits Better routing to and around mobilization site More accurate mapping/documentation for TF Operations Enhanced communications which enables pinpoint accurate location information Limitations

6. 6 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training What is GPS? Global Positioning System is a network of satellites that continually transmit coded information, which make It possible to identify positions on earth by measuring distance from satellites. Those positions are reported in coordinates. (i.e..Lat/Long,USNG,etc)

7. 7 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Four Primary Functions Provides a position and coordinates Can calculate distance and direction between any two waypoints, or a position and a waypoint. Provides travel progress reports, like est. time to waypoint. Accurate time measurement

8. Control Segment 5 control worldwide stations Corrects orbit / time info Space Segment 24 satellites Alt. of 12,000 mi Radio signals User Segment The GPS GPS User Monitor Stations Ground Antennas Master Station NAVSTAR: 3 Segments

9. 9 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training How Does GPS Work? Start up Cold start up is when a unit is started for the first time in a new area or after a long time of no use. It will take longer for the unit to locate & identify satellites.Thus longer time to usable data. This can be overcome by turning on the GPS receiver prior to use. This way it can get your general location and be usable in a shorter time frame. This is termed a warm start up. If you are going to be using a GPS Unit, turn it on as soon as you can to allow for proper set up.

10. 10 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training How a Receiver Determines Its Position

11. Receiver is somewhere on this sphere Signal from One Satellite

12. Signals from Two Satellites

13. Three Satellites (2D Positioning)

14. Three Dimensional (3D) Positioning(Best)

15. 15 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Selective Availability (S/A) Department of Defense placed “dithered” satellite time message to prevent GPS from being used against us. This made the coordinates only accurate to a set area which the military could change as they needed. In May 2000, Pentagon set S/A to Zero meters error. S/A can be reactivated,by the military, at any time.

16. 16 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Ground based correction signal Corrects GPS satellite orbit and clock drift plus signal delays caused by atmosphere If your GPS is WAAS enabled be sure to have it turned on in the set up This will give an even more accurate location

17. 17 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) + - 3 m +- 15 m With Selective Availability set to zero, and under ideal conditions, a GPS receiver without WAAS can achieve 15-meter accuracy most of the time.* Under ideal conditions, a WAAS equipped GPS receiver can achieve 3- meter accuracy 95% of the time.* * Precision depends on good satellite geometry, open sky view, and no user-induced errors.

18. Sources of GPS Errors Receiver Errors are Cumulative! Earth’s Atmosphere Solid Structures Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

19. 19 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Sources of Errors Reflections- signals can reflect off of buildings,rocks,metal objects Electromagnetic fields (power lines etc) Buildings, while inside signal may be blocked. Best to try and maintain clear view of the sky. The more obstacles to view sky the higher the likelihood of errors.

20. 20 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Minimizing User Errors Keep GPS away from your body with antenna directed skyward for best reception Always verify your GPS is set to correct DATUM and coordinate system( This is the biggest cause of errors) Always verify you are receiving enough signals before making critical navigational decisions(at least three signals)

21. Ideal Satellite Geometry N S W E

22. Poor Satellite Geometry N S W E

23. 23 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Summary Satellites have very low power Poor to no reception in buildings or under cover Be aware of interference and obstructions Cold versus warm start-up issues Cold start is first time unit starts in area of operation must locate itself.(Takes longer) Always keep extra batteries Try to obtain 3D (DGPS) positioning Keep a paper map as a backup

24. 24 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Basic GPS Training GPS Use Proper initial setup Basic features Key functions and routines

25. The GPSmap Key Layout POWER Key IN/OUT Zoom Keys FIND/MOB Key MARK Key QUIT Key ROCKER Key PAGE/COMPASS Key MENU Key ENTER Key

26. Power Considerations Two AA batteries, USB cable, 12v DC adapter Battery Life: 18 hours Alkaline batteries lose capacity in low temps Lithium batteries in below freezing temperatures Extensive use of backlighting, electronic compass, and audible tones significantly reduce battery life Memory Card Location Battery Compartment

27. 27 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Power On the GPS Press and hold the POWER key Title screen appears Satellite status page Title ScreenSatellite Status

28. Satellite Status Page Horizon 45  from the horizon Heading bug – travel direction Satellite signal strength Searching / Acquiring 2D Fix (3 Satellites) 3D Fix (4+ Satellites)

29. 29 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Main Pages Cycle through pages using PAGE or QUIT SatelliteTripMapCompassAltimeter (CSx Model) Main Menu

30. 30 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training 2 X Main Menu Press MENU button twice for Main Menu from any Page

31. 31 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training GPSmap 60CSx Searching / Acquiring 2D Fix (3 Satellites) 3D Fix (4+ Satellites) Battery Power / Level Auxiliary Power Backlight Usage USB Cable Connection Electronic Compass On Main Menu (continued)

32. Adjusting Screen Settings To minimize battery drain, limit or turn off backlight Press and quickly release the POWER button. Press up on ROCKER to increase, down to decrease. Press ENTER or QUIT to close Backlight adjustment window.

33. 33 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training System Setup Pages

34. 34 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training System Setup Page Press MENU twice for Main Menu, select Setup, and press ENTER. Important Setup Menu pages System Display Time Units Heading Calibration

35. 35 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Setup: System GPS Normal – for everyday use Demo – for indoor training WAAS Enabled Battery Type Alkaline NiMH Proximity Alarms On

36. 36 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Setup: Display Display Mode Auto – Switch between Day and Night modes at sunrise and sunset Backlight Timeout On continuous or timed. Setting ignored if external power used. Backlight Level Backlight setting will increase or decrease battery life

37. 37 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Setup: Time Time Format Set to 24-hour format Time Zone Time zone for the area of operations UTC Offset Changes with Time Zone Daylight Saving Time Set to Auto

38. 38 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Setup: Units Position Format (pick approriate one) USNG – United States National Grid (DHS Standard) MGRS – Military Grid Reference System hdddºmm.mmm' Map Datum WGS 84 NAD27 CONUS – USGS Maps

39. 39 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Setup: Heading North Reference – Specifies the type or north reference used to calculate your heading Set to “True”

40. 40 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Waypoints

41. 41 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Waypoints Waypoints are locations you record and store in your GPS Waypoints are created in 3 ways  Press the MARK key while at a location.  Create a waypoint on the Map page.  Enter the coordinates for a waypoint manually.

42. 42 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Waypoints: Available Map Symbols GPSmap 60C Display

43. 43 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Waypoints: Common Abbreviations PX – Picture (note direction of photo) HAZ – Hazards H-1 – Helispot 1 Hosp – Hospital Str – Structure Sz – Safety Zone POA – Point of Arrival POD – Point of Departure BoO – Base of Operations Fwd BoO – Forward Base of Operations Stg – Staging Utl – Utilities Apt – Apartment Air – Airport

44. Waypoints: Mark Current Location Quickest way to mark a waypoint Press and hold the MARK key until the Mark Waypoint page appears. To accept the waypoint with the default information, highlight OK and press ENTER. Icon Waypoint Name Coordinate Notes

45. Waypoints: Mark a Location on Map Page  On the Map page, use the ROCKER to move the arrow to the location to mark as a waypoint.  Press and quickly release the ENTER key to capture location and open the information page.  Highlight OK and press ENTER to save. Map Pointer Mode Original Location New Location

46. Waypoints: Mark Location with Known Coordinates  Press and hold the MARK key until the Mark Waypoint page appears.  Use the ROCKER to highlight the Location field. Edit the coordinate with your known coordinate.  Highlight OK and press ENTER to save. On-screen Keypad Edit the Coordinate Change Letters Navigate Left / Right

47. 47 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Working with waypoints Use a note pad to note default waypoint number and detailed description. When manually entering waypoints be sure Datum is the same in the GPS unit as the one you are inputting

48. 48 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Tracks

49. 49 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Track Log Creates an electronic “breadcrumb” trail or track log while you travel Each point in the track contains information on time, location, elevation and depth

50. 50 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Track Log: Access Track Logs Press MENU button twice for the Main Menu. Select Tracks and press ENTER.

51. 51 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Track Log: Access Tracks Logs (continued) On/Off toggle Percentage of memory used List of saved Tracks Remaining available logs

52. 52 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Track Log: Clear the Track Log Only clear Track log once it has been downloaded to Plans Highlight Clear and press ENTER. Confirmation message appears – Press OK.

53. Track Log: Set Up a Track Log Highlight Setup and press ENTER to open the Track Log Setup page. Data Card Option

54. 54 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Track Log: Use the TracBack Feature With Saved Tracks page for the track or the Track Log open, highlight TracBack and press ENTER. Once the map is displayed, use the ROCKER to move the pointer to a point on the map and press ENTER. Select Follow Road or Follow Track. Follow the direction arrow. To exit, press MENU then Stop Navigation.

55. 55 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training Introduction to the US National Grid (USNG) Nationally consistent map and grid system. Provides a seamless reference system across judicial boundaries and map scales It is a plane coordinates system that is simple enough to be taught and used at a fifth grade level Developed from the military UTM system

56. 56 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid (USNG) History WW I- military determines grid systems are good and everyone develops there own WW II-Too many different grids systems. Need to develop one common grid system 1945 - 1949: US and British armies develop and implement UTM and Military Grid Reference System (MGRS). Great success story; Used in combat ever since.

57. 57 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid (USNG) History cont  Mid - 1990’s: No standard civilian grid equiv. GPS arrives. USNG developed by the FGDC. MGRS could be used as a model no need to reinvent the grid system.  All things seem to transfer fine except for issue with NAD27 US  USNG/NAD83 is equal to MGRS/NAD83 BUT… USNG/NAD27 is not equal to MGRS/NAD27  WGS84 is the international version on NAD83 thus are interchangeable.

58. 58 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid Datum use  The Standard Datum for USNG is NAD83 and should be used unless unable to use.  NAD83 coordinates shall be designated 18SUJ23480647  NAD27 coordinates shall be designated 18SUJ23480647(NAD 27)  When using NAD83 there is no need to report NAD83 when reporting coordinates  When using NAD27 note it by placing (NAD27) at the end of the coordinates

59. 59 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid What do all the numbers mean???? A USNG value has three components 11S MT 30865 32027 Grid Zone Designation: for a world-wide unique address. 100,000-meter Square Identification: for regional areas Grid Coordinates: for local areas.

60. 60 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid:Grid Zone Designator The GZD’s divide the U.S. geographic area into 6 degree longitudinal zones designated by a number and 8 degree latitudinal bands designated by a letter. These zones and bands are taken from the MGRS. The Continental U.S has  10 longitudinal zones  4 Latitudinal zones 11S MT 30865 32027 11S designates a GZD

61. 61 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid:Grid Zone Designator

62. 62 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid:100,000-m Square Identification Grid Zone Designators are further subdivided into 100,000 meter Square Identifications. These squares are labelled by a two letter designator so as not to repeat themselves within approximately 1000 miles. 11S MT 30865 32027 MT is the 100,000 meter Square Identification

63. 63 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid:100,000-m Square Identification

64. 64 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid Coordinates The position within the 100,000-m Square identification is given by the UTM grid coordinates in terms of Easting (E) first then Northing(N) second. The coordinates are always given in an even number then read from left to right with easting first, then northing The number of digits used decides the accuracy of the coordinates

65. 65 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid Coordinates 11S MT 30865 32027 30 32- four digits locates within 1km 308 320-six digits locates within 100m –Football size area 3086 3202-eight digits locates within 10m –Modest size home 30865 32027-ten digits locates within 1m –Manhole cover size

66. 66 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid Coordinates Use the number of digits needed for the accuracy desired.

67. 67 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Planning Team Training U.S. National Grid Further information The following links have additional information on the USNG.  http://www.fgdc.gov/usng/index.html http://www.fgdc.gov/usng/index.html  http://www.fgdc.gov/usng/educational- resources/USNGInstruct_No1v4_No2_r.pdf http://www.fgdc.gov/usng/educational- resources/USNGInstruct_No1v4_No2_r.pdf