1. [in English, wolverine]
Hello, my name is
Gulo gulo
[in English, wolverine]
Unit 14 – Taxonomy
In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video hyperlinks are shown in orange.

2. What is taxonomy?
Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them into hierarchical groups.
In this unit you will learn how scientists classify living things; the science of taxonomy.
the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities

3. Who was Carl von Linne?
Von Linne [AKA Carolus Linnaeus] was the Swedish biologist who in the mid- 1700’s developed the biological system of classification.
7 taxonomic levels [or taxa]
kingdom to species

4. Binomial Nomenclature
In Latin, nomenclatura = 
nomen "name"+ calare "to call" 
Scientists give each organism a name in classification which consists of two parts:
genus + species [specific epithet].
Typically use Latin because it is universal [worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore, the meaning is not likely to change.

5. EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard”+“king.”

6. Binomial Nomenclature Cont.
Always in italics
Genus name is written 1st, capitalized
Species name is written 2nd, NOT capitalized
EX scientific names
Homo sapiens (modern man)
Felis catus (common housecat)

7. Who am I?

8. Purpose for Classification
A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by regional name differences.
EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for….
Cambarus bartoni

9. Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...
Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...
Felis concolor

10. Roly poly, pillbug, and wood louse are all common names for...
Roly poly, pillbug, and wood louse are all common names for...
Armadillidium vulgare

11. Purpose cont. organizes large amounts of information
Classification also reveals evolutionary relationships between organisms

12. Modern Levels of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

13. Taxonomy Mnemonic Foldable
When instructed, pick up a colored piece of paper at the front to create your mnemonic foldable.
Each pod will need some scissors.

14. What is domain?
Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.
There are 3 domains shown above.
Domains in the News

15. Domains Cont. Three domains of life: Basis of classification:
Three domains of life:
Archaea & Bacteria contain only prokaryotes.
Eukarya contains all eukaryotes.
Basis of classification:
Type of cell
Number of cells
Mode of nutrition

16. Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria

17. Domain Archaea
Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria [prokaryotes] that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen!
Archaea were first found in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs. Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park.

18. Domain Bacteria
Regular everyday bacteria [prokaryotes] belong to domain Bacteria.
EX Salmonella
According to the Mayo Clinic there are more than 2,000 strains of salmonella bacteria, but only a dozen or so make people sick. Salmonella is most often contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs. Image

19. Domain Eukarya
All of the organisms that have a nucleus [eukaryotes] are included in Domain Eukarya.
This domain includes a variety of life forms in 4 kingdoms:
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Domain Animation

20. What is a kingdom? Six kingdoms of life: 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
2 Prokaryotic Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eukbacteria

21. Prokaryotic Kingdoms Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me
Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular
Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments (highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ; mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic only

22. Kingdom Protist
Protist – lack complex organ systems; require moist environments; first appeared in the fossil record 200 million years ago!
Eukaryotic w/ cell walls
Unicellular & Multicellular
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
EX amoebas, algae, kelp

23. Slime Mold = Protist

24. Kingdom Fungi
Fungi – EX Molds, mildews, and mushrooms; first appeared in the fossil record 400 million years ago!
Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of chitin
Unicellular & multicellular
Heterotrophic decomposers

25. Black Mold = Fungus

26. What caused the Salem Witch Trials?
n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft.  By April the girls began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close to 150 people were accused.
"Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem, " Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb

27. Kingdom Plants
Plants – oxygen producers; create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color).
Non-motile (do not move)
Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose
Multicellular
Autotrophs
EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants

28. Kingdom Animal
Animals - At the microscopic level, animal cells are different; they do NOT have cell walls.
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
EX sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans
Three domains of life:

29. What is a species?
A species is a group of organisms that are very closely related and can breed fertile offspring.

30. Dichotomous Key
Taxonomists have dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms; a guide.
A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism.
Dichotomous key animation

31. Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms
Biologists now group organisms according to phylogeny (lines of evolutionary descent), not just physical characteristics.

32. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
What is a cladogram?
Derived characters – characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage through cladistics; used to construct cladograms.
Cladograms show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Caldogram animation
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES