1. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes CREATION NARRATIVE: THE THIRD GENESIS "The origin of eukaryotes is a huge enigma and a major challenge for evolutionary biology." Eugene V. Koonin, NIH (2010) Paramecium David C. Bossard Chapter 8 43

2. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes CREATION NARRATIVE: THE THIRD GENESIS Cont. Superficial differences from bacteria (prokaryotes): A nucleus – think of an egg yolk Larger size – 50x larger on average Greater variety of shapes – Bacteria are balloon-shaped … these are just markers for fundamental differences. 44

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4. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes CREATION NARRATIVE: THE THIRD GENESIS Cont. Differences in more depth:  The Nucleus protects DNA by physical isolation and by error correction while copying genes (more than bacteria)  DNA in Chromosomes, not circular as in bacteria  Invention of Mitosis (asexual) and Meiosis (sexual) cell duplication. Complex; All eukaryotes have both. David C. Bossard Chapter 8 46

5. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes ORGANELLES CREATION NARRATIVE – EUKARYOTE INNOVATIONS The Nucleus is one of several organelles in a eukaryote:  Mitochondria – The power plant (make ATP)  Endoplastic Reticulum – The factory  Golgi Apparatus - The post office  (+ others that depend on the cell's function) 47

6. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes Innovations:  Internal structure – the cytoskeleton CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – EUKARYOTE INNOVATIONS Eukaryote cytoskeleton (From Wikipedia) Blue = nucleus; green = microtubules; red = microfiliaments 48

7. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes Innovations:  Internal structure – the cytoskeleton CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – EUKARYOTE INNOVATIONS 49

8. The Third Genesis: Creation of Eukaryotes  Internal structure – Motor transport system (Kinesin) CREATION NARRATIVE – EUKARYOTE INNOVATIONS 50

9. The Creation of Plants and Animals CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS "The magnates walk first*." Hugh Miller (1858) "We know, further, so far at least as we have yet succeeded in deciphering the record, -- that the several dynasties were introduced, not in their lower, but in their higher forms; that, in short, in the imposing programme of creation it was arranged, as a general rule, that in each of the great divisions of the procession the magnates should walk first." Hugh Miller, Footprints of the Creator (3 rd. Ed. (1858) p. 325) David C. Bossard Magnates Walk First 51

10. The Creation of Plants and Animals CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS "The magnates walk first*." Hugh Miller (1858) "We know, further, so far at least as we have yet succeeded in deciphering the record, -- that the several dynasties were introduced, not in their lower, but in their higher forms; that, in short, in the imposing programme of creation it was arranged, as a general rule, that in each of the great divisions of the procession the magnates should walk first." Hugh Miller, Footprints of the Creator (3 rd. Ed. (1858) p. 325) 52

11. The Creation of Plants and Animals CREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS 53

12. The Creation of Animals CREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Most marine animal phyla (body plans) appear in the Cambrian Era (around 525 Mya). This was when the homeobox genes were invented.  Homeobox genes "invented" – regulate patterns of anatomical development (eyes, appendages, etc.) David C. Bossard Algorithms 54

13. The Creation of Plants CREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Spores give Earliest Evidence of (multi-cellular)  ca. 470 My ago Spore Tetrads (Devonian, ca. 410 Mya) David C. Bossard Chapter 10 55

14. The Creation of Plants CREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Earliest Plant Fossils – Cooksonia, Ca. 416 Mya. Cooksonia ca. 416 MyaRhynia ca. 400 Mya David C. Bossard Chapter 10 Ejecting sperm cells 56

15. The Creation of Plants CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS The Creation of Plants CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Most plant phyla (body plans) appear in the Devonian Age(around 410-350 Mya) after completion of the ozone layer. David C. Bossard Chapter 10 Devonian SceneCarboniferous Scene 57

16. RECAP THE CREATION NARRATIVE Achievements of the past 60 years: Big Bang Cosmology Age of Universe How Primordial Matter formed Origin of the Elements (B 2 FH) Earth's Origin Biosphere's Formation & Dependence on Life Geologic Evidence of Life Carbon Evidence -- earliest Life * Fossil Narrative of Speciation and Development Genetic Narrative Central Dogma Gene Sequencing Implication for Species Relationships 58

17. THE END CREATION NARRATIVECREATION NARRATIVE – CONCLUSIONS 59