1. Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present Chapter 1

2. Tips for Effective Studying Establish a quiet place, free of distractions, where you do nothing but study. Schedule your study time. Set specific goals each week (reading the text, watching the videos, reviewing notes, writing out flashcards, utilize the learning curve, taking summative quiz). Sleeping immediately after you study will help you retain more of what you have learned. 2

3. Abnormal Psychology: Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning 3

4. There is no consensus definition There are some clear elements of abnormality What Do We Mean by Abnormality? 4

5. What Is Psychological Abnormality? “The Four Ds” Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger 5

6. The Elusive Nature of Abnormality We may be unable to apply our definition consistently. 6

7. The Elusive Nature of Abnormality Society selects criteria for defining abnormality and uses those criteria to judge particular cases 7

8. Insanity Legal term Defendant is/was unable to know right from wrong. Experiencing a mental disorder at the time of a crime does not mean that person is insane. 8

9. Insanity ~ 2/3 rd acquitted by reason of insanity: schizophrenia vast majority: history of past hospitalization, arrest, or both ~86% are male ~ 65% of cases involve violent crime ~15% of those acquitted are accused specifically of murder 9

10. Treatment 10 Not all people receive treatment Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient basis Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric units

11. What Is Treatment? Procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior Requires careful definition 11

12. What Is Treatment? Three essential features: 1.A sufferer 2.A trained healer 3.A series of contacts through which healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes, and behavior 12

13. What Is Treatment? Surrounded by conflict and confusion: Lack of agreement about goals or aims Lack of agreement about successful outcome Lack of agreement about failure Are clinicians seeking to cure? To teach? Are sufferers patients (ill) or clients (having difficulty)? 13

14. How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? 14 Cultural factors influence Presentation of disorders found worldwide Certain forms of highly culture-specific psychopathology

15. Culture-Specific Disorders 15 Certain forms of psychopathology highly specific to certain cultures Voo doo

16. Multicultural Psychology Seeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender affect behavior/thought and how people of different cultures, races, and genders may differ psychologically 16

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18. What Do Clinical Researchers Do? Research: systematic search for facts through use of careful observations and investigations Challenges: Assessing private thoughts Monitoring mood changes Calculating human potential Must always ensure rights of research participants, both human and animal, are not violated 18

19. Sources of Information 19 Case studies Observational approaches

20. Case Studies 20 Specific individual described in detailSubject to bias of author of case studyLow generalizability

21. Observational Approaches 21 Collecting information without asking participants directly for it Outward behavior can be observed directly

22. Forming and Testing Hypotheses 22 Hypotheses Anecdotal accounts and unusual research findings help researchers develop hypotheses Hypotheses must be tested in well-designed research studies

23. Sampling and Generalization 23 Who should researchers include in a study? Individuals who are similar in their behavioral abnormalities Study group should mirror underlying population in all important ways Large, randomly selected groups are ideal

24. Measuring Correlation 24 Correlation coefficient Positive correlation Negative correlation Correlation of zero

25. Measuring Correlation 25

26. Correlations and Causality 26 Correlation does NOT mean causation!

27. Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method 27 Independent variable Dependent variable

28. The Experimental Method Allows researchers to ask questions such as: “Does a particular therapy relieve the symptoms of a particular disorder?” “Does drug X work better than drug Y?” See table 1-4 for comparisons of correlational and experimental method 28

29. 29 Experimental research CAN determine causation!