1. Temperature

2. Seasonal changes in temperature

4. http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/

9. Cold Morning in the northeast U.S. and southeast Canada on January 9, 2004

10. Quite chilly on that morning in Oneonta, too

11. Other places in the U.S. were not significantly cold.

12. View from the Weather-Cam on Jan 9, 2004

13. Morning Surface Weather Map on Jan 9, 2004

14. The Albany sounding shows very cold air at the Earth’s surface where it is usually warmest (inversion). Between 820 mb and 595 mb the temperature increases or is isothermal. What radiation fluxes were in play on that morning?

15. Class Exercise: Meteorological features correlated with surface temperature

16. Correlation Coefficient A correlation coefficient is very useful for assessing whether two variables might be connected in some way. The variables might include temperature but they can be anything.

20. Temperature exercise to be distributed in class

22. Very warm temperatures in February? (It’s summer) Province of Queensland Brisbane Sydney

23. Feb 6 was an abnormally hot day in Queensland!

24. Over a whole year, the warmest part of Australia was NOT Queensland

25. This surface map is actually for the next day (but useful anyway)

26. This is a morning sounding from southeast Queensland. Notice the dry lower atmosphere and light wind.

27. Visible Satellite Image

28. With clear skies at subtropical latitudes, insolation is very high

29. Summary of the radiational fluxes causing abnormal heat in Queensland on Feb 7, 2006 1. Summer insolation is very high. At that subtropical latitude, the angle of sunlight is almost directly overhead. 2. The atmosphere was dry so less LW was absorbed by water vapor. 3. The lower atmosphere was quite warm, probably due to warm air being brought in by a High-pressure system. 5. The hottest part of Queensland was inland so the land mass absorbed SW and not much of the energy was used to evaporate water from the dry soil. 4. That High also meant no clouds to reflect SW and absorb LW from the insolation.

30. Next example: Europe 2003

31. From: http://ec.europa.eu/health/climate_change/indicators/index_en.htm

32. Change from 2001 to 2003 (red is 10 º C hotter)

33. http://www.grid.unep.ch

34. VisibleInfrared

35. Not just hot, but dry

36. Primary cause of the heat wave: A quasi-stationary high pressure system set up over the North Sea. East winds over western Europe cut of the usual ocean moderation.

37. Next case: Chicago 1995

38. Upper air Daily Maximum Temperatures, Daily Precipitation Warm Highs in summer are under warm upper air ridges.

39. Next: Humidity (Fogs and Clouds)