1. Special groups

2. Women

3. Women of child bearing age provide epilepsy professionals with unique treatment dilemmas Epilepsy drugs and appearance Female hormones and seizure control Fertility Contraception Pregnancy  effects of drugs  effects of seizures

4. Commonly used AED’s Carbamazepine Sodium Valproate Leveitracetam Lamotrigine Phenytoin Topiramate Zonisamide Clobazam Pregabalin Lacosamide

5. Carbamazepine / Oxcarbazepine / Eslicarbazepine / Topiramate / Phenytoin / Phenobarbitone / PrimadoneCarbamazepine / Oxcarbazepine / Eslicarbazepine / Topiramate / Phenytoin / Phenobarbitone / Primadone all induce hepatic P-450 These effect the metabolism of oestrogens and progestogens Leading to ineffective Oral Combined Contraceptive Pill (OCP) at normal doses These will also effect emergency contraception Lamotrigine levels are significantly reduced by the OCP

6. Recommendations….. For women taking enzyme inducing medications: Works WellCautionNot recommended Coil / Mirena Barrier OCP (increased dose required) Depo (time) Emergency contraception Implant Patch Progestogen

7. For women NOT taking enzyme inducing medications: Works WellCaution Coil / Mirena Barrier OCP Implant Patch Emergency Contraception Depo (time) Progestogen

8. For women taking Lamotrigine Works WellCaution Coil / Mirena Barrier Implant Patch Emergency Contaception OCP (recommend slight increase in Lamotrigine dose) Depo (time) Progestogen

9. Pre-conceptual counselling women with epilepsy All women with epilepsy who are considering becoming pregnant should be offered specialist advice and information

10. All epilepsy medications will increase the risk of having a child with a major congenital malformation Background 2-3% Sodium Valproate 5-9% ** Lamotrigine 3-5% Carbamazepine 3-4% For those on polytherapy the risks increase

11. CSM advice, Sept 2003 Women of childbearing age should not be started on sodium valproate without specialist neurological advice

12. Pre-conceptual treatment choices Remain on current medication Change to alternative medication Withdraw medication (medication should NEVER be stopped suddenly) Reduce medication for 1 st trimester 5mgs Folic Acid

13. Broad and imprecise Risk of passing epilepsy on… 1% if neither parent 4% if father 8% if mother 25% if both parents

14. Essential Information… The majority have normal pregnancies Unchanged seizure frequencies throughout Will have to continue to take epilepsy medication Medication should not be stopped or changed during pregnancy (unless under specialist supervision) Will have normal vaginal deliveries Should be advised to breastfeed

15. However… There is an increased risk of maternal death The effects of seizures on a foetus are unknown All pregnancies should be treated as high risk and under consultant led care The majority have normal pregnancies with normal babies

16. Post Natal Advice Child/mother safety:  feeding  sleep deprivation  bathing  carrying  safety outdoors

17. Catamenial Epilepsy Direct link between seizures and menstrual cycle in about 12% of women with epilepsy Approximately 70% of women notice increase frequency of seizures around menstruation Clobazam 10mgs daily

18. Teenagers

19. Issues →Compliance / denial →Further education →Driving →Alcohol / recreational drugs →Independence →Employment →Safety

20. The Elderly

21. Issues →drug tolerance →misdiagnosis →co-morbidity →Independence →safety