1. Introduction to animals Introduction to Animals Copyright cmassengale

2. Characteristics of Animals All multicellular Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) Store food reserves as glycogen

3. Lions Feeding (Ingestion)

4. Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone Exoskeletons found in arthropods –Cover the outside of the body –Limit size –Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators

5. Cicada Molting Exoskeleton

6. Support Systems Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support Called hydrostatic skeletons

7. Movement Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) Animals that can move are motile Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement

8. SESSILESEDENTARY MOTILE Sponge Chiton Cheetah

9. Reproduction in Animals All animals are capable of sexual reproduction Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs

10. Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating Mating leech

11. Levels of Organization Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues

12. Atom Molecule or compound Organelle CELL Levels of Organization Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Life begins

13. Body Areas

14. Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface Ventral – belly or lower surface Anterior – head or front end Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head

15. DORSAL VENTRAL Surfaces (Most Animals) ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

16. Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)

17. Body Symmetry

18. Tissues

19. Tissue Development Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

20. Tissue Development The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) Called Gastrulation The opening is called the blastopore The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron blastopore Archenteron

21. Tissue Development Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm

22. Embryonic Development

23. Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges Ectoderm (outer) – forms skin, nerves, sense organs Endoderm (inner) – forms liver and lungs Mesoderm (middle) – forms muscles & other systems

24. Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm Body organs suspended in this cavity

25. Coelom - Body Cavity Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms

26. Coelom - Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm

27. Invertebrate groups

28. Characteristics of Invertebrates Simplest animals Contain the greatest number of different species Most are aquatic (found in water) Do NOT have a backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms

29. Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge

30. Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone

31. More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish

32. Flatworms - Platyhelminthes Planarian Marine Flatworm

33. Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida) Nematode Leech (segmented worm)

34. Mollusca (With and Without Shells) snailscallop nautilus nudibranch octopus

35. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab) Dung beetle Horseshoe crab crayfish spider

36. Echinoderms Sea cucumber Sand dollar starfish Brittle star Sea fan (crinoid)

37. Vertebrate Groups

38. Vertebrata More complex animals Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

39. Vertebrate Backbone

40. Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal) Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates) Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals)

41. Bone & Cartilage in Fetus

42. Fish lancelet ray anglerfish damselfish

43. Amphibia toad newt frog salamander

44. Reptilia Turtle Snake Alligator Lizard

45. Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds

46. Mammalia