1. 6 Kingdoms of Life Part 2: Plants and Animals

2. Asexual vs. Sexual
Recall that all organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually
Sexual- there is a combining of
genes from 2 parents but NOT
always with egg and sperm
(meiosis followed by fertilization)
Asexual- the offspring are
reproduced by copying the DNA
of one parent (binary fission or budding)

3. Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular
Their cells have a cell wall--cellulose
Autotrophs-make own carbs for energy through photosynthesis
Can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both

4. What Plants Need to Survive…
Sunlight
Water
Vitamins/Minerals
Gas Exchange
(O2 and CO2)
A method of transport
to move water and other materials to all parts of plant. 4

6. What Plants Need to Survive…
Phototropism- a method of homeostasis and response to a light stimulus in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source.
Can plants move?

8. General Life Cycle Plants
Two alternating phases:
1) Diploid Phase—2 copies of all genes (Sporophyte)
-Sporophyte makes spores by meiosis.
-Spores develop into gametophyte form of plant.
2) Haploid Phase– 1 copy of all genes (Gametophyte)
-Gametophyte produces male and female gametes by mitosis—makes more haploid cells.
-Gametes eventually join to form sporophyte. 8

9. Alternating Phases: Plant Life Cycle9

10. Example of a Plant Life Cycle10

11. Evolutionary Trends and Plants…
Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular green algae.
Plants have evolved specific adaptations to help them survive in a variety of different climates.
There are four major groups of plants which are separated by three distinct features:
Water conducting tissue (vascular).
Seeds
Flowers 11

12. 4 Major Groups of Plants GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS PTERIDOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES
PTERIDOPHYTES
Green Algae Ancestor 12

13. 1. Plant groups by vascular tissue
Bryophytes (Moss)
Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants)
Angiosperms (Flowering plants) NO
VASCULAR
TISSUE
VASCULAR TISSUE 13

14. Vascular Plants Vascular- internal transportation system
Xylem – water carrying tubes
Phloem – sugar carrying tissues
Enabled plants to evolve into larger specimens.
Pteridophytes (Ferns), angiosperms and gymnosperms are all vascular

15. Nonvascular Plants Simplest of all land dwelling plants Bryophytes
Nonvascular (no “veins”)-lack an internal means for water transportation
Obtain/transfer water by osmosis
Grow moist, shaded areas
No true roots, leaves, stems
Rhizoids anchor plant to ground

16. 2. Plants Groups by Seeding
Bryophytes (Moss)
Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants)
Form seeds in “cones.”
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
Form seeds inside of “flowers.”
NO SEEDS
SEED PLANTS 16

17. Seed Plants
Seed plants do not require water for reproduction like mosses so can live in most environments
Seed plants produce “pollen” which is the male gamete and ovaries (ovules) which are female
Pollen is extremely small and light and is easily carried by wind or small animals 17

18. Seeds
Plant gametes: Egg and sperm (pollen) of plant join together to form seed
Seeds are embryos of seed plants encased in a protective coating and surrounded by a food supply. 18

19. Bryophytes Do not produce seeds, but have egg
and sperm only which must meet to
form a new bryophyte.
Require water for fertilization to
transport gametes 19

20. Pteridophytes (Ferns)
No seeds—have egg and sperm join and produce spores
Contain vascular tissue
1st true land plants 20

21. Gymnosperms
Means “naked seed”
Oldest vascular, seed-producing plants

22. Gymnosperms Seeds are exposed
Most common are “conifers” (spruce, firs, pines, etc.).
Most have needles instead of leaves.
Most conifers are “evergreens” meaning they keep their needles (leaves) year round. 22

23. - Means “enclosed seed”
Angiosperms
- Means “enclosed seed”
Flowering
Most common of all land plants

24. 3. Plant groups by flowers
Bryophytes (Moss)
Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants)
Form seeds in “cones.”
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
Form seeds inside of “flowers.” NO
FLOWERS
FLOWERS 24

25. Flowers Angiosperms are the only flowering plants
Flowers attract animals to support pollination (very efficient)
Seeds develop inside ovary within a “flower”
After “fertilization” seed within flower develops into “fruit”
Angiosperms are typically classified in two groups:
Monocots
Dicots 25

26. Life Spans of Angiosperms
Annuals- survive one season
Biennials- take 2 years to complete life cycle
Perennials- live many years 26

27. Animalia Kingdom All animals are:
Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall
Heterotrophs
Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
95% of all animals are invertebrates

28. Criteria for Animal Classification
Skeletal Characteristics
Invertebrates -have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

29. Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species Major phylums of animals are…

30. Nine major phyla of animals: Poriferans (sponges)
Cnidarians (jellyfish)
Flatworms (tapeworm)
Roundworms (heartworm)
Annelids (earthworm)
Mollusks (clam)
Arthropod (grasshopper)
Echinoderm (starfish)
Chordate (human)
More c
omplex
Invertebrates

31. Porifera Sponges Invertebrates
Sponges are filter feeders and depend on the movement of water to obtain nutrients/oxygen
Digestion is intracellular –no stomach
Reproduce asexually by budding or sexually through egg and sperm

33. Cnidarians
Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst
Invertebrates
Belizes coral reef

34. Mollusks Octopi, squid, clams, oysters, snails, slugs Invertebrates
Reproduce sexually
Cool Octopus video

35. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria
Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch
Invertebrates
Sexual or asexual reproduction
Human liver fluke

36. Nematodes (roundworms)
Heartworms, hookworm, pinworms
One of the most diverse animal phyla
Many are parasites
Sexual reproduction

37. Annelids (segmented worms)
Worms & leeches
Invertebrates
Worms mating

38. Echinoderms Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
They have a hard exoskeleton under their skin
Invertebrates

39. Arthropods Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!
Invertebrates—have exoskeleton
Reproduce sexually

40. Chordates All other animals that have a backbone of some form
Vertebrates

41. Trends in Animal Evolution
Complex animals tend to have…
Specialized cells and organs
Bilateral body symmetry
A definite head with sensory organs (cephalization)
A body cavity
Complex embryonic development

42. Trend #1: Specialized Cells and Organs
The more complex the animal, the more “specialized” its cells become.
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ system.
Some animals have no organs!

43. Trend #2: Body Symmetry
With the exception to sponges, every animal exhibits one of two types of body symmetry:
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry

44. Radial Symmetry
Imaginary plane can pass through a central axis in any direction

45. Single plane can divide the body into two equal halves
Animals with bilateral symmetry have a right and left side and usually have segmented bodies
Bilateral Symmetry

46. Trend #3: Cephalization
Animals with bilateral symmetry have a definite head
Cephalization is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the anterior end (front end) of the body
Animals with this trait tend to respond in more complex ways to their environment

47. Trend #4: Body Cavity Formation
Most animals have a body cavity in which all major organs are attached. This area is called a coelom
Provides room for organs to grow and expand
Less complex animals do not have this area. They are called acoelomates

48. Trend #5 Embryo Development
During gastrulation, cells begin to differentiate (specialize).

49. Worms, mollusks, arthropods, etc. 
Chordates and Echinoderms 

50. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
In protostomes (worms, mollusks, and arthropods), blastopore develops into mouth.
In deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates), blastopore develops into anus.
Three layers of embryonic cells (germ layers):
Endoderm – Develops into digestive and respiratory tracts.
Mesoderm – Develops into muscles, heart, sex organs, and kidneys.
Ectoderm – Develops into brain, sense organs, and skin.