1. Postclassical Europe: The Emergence of Christendom John Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High School

2. Recovering After Rome’s Fall  Christianity provides cultural unity in diverse Western European kingdoms  Western Europe dominated by many post-Roman, Germanic kingdoms  Elites maintain ties to Classical World by speaking Latin and spreading Christianity  Western Church, and the Bishop of Rome (Pope), free from political control  Western Europe is mostly rural, lacking in trade, economically poor  Byzantine Empire in the east, also Christian, keeps Roman traditions alive  Eastern Church tightly controlled by Byzantine emperors  Byzantine Empire richer, more urban than the west

3. Europe After the Fall of Rome:

4. Eastern Christendom  330 CE: Constantine builds a new Roman capital—Constantinople—on site of ancient Greek colony of Byzantium  Constantinople well defended, heavily walled  Eastern half of empire wealthier, more urban; 476 CE Rome collapses  Eastern empire survives for another thousand years  Constantinople=Nova Roma (“New Rome”), seeks to preserve old Roman heritage  “Germanic influence” (boots, trousers, long hair) is forbidden by Byzantine emperors  Emperor Justinian (527-565) attempts to reestablish old Roman Empire  Byzantine government highly centralized  Emperors called “peer of the Apostles”=God’s representative on Earth  Bureaucrats and aristocrats trained in Greek rhetoric  Western Europeans, Arabs, and Turks chip away at the empire  1453: Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire collapses

5. Justinian’s Roman Empire

6. Byzantine Church & State  Caesaropapism: Emperor is head of state and church (“caesar” & pope)  Appointed a patriarch to lead the Christian church based in Constantinople  Emperors made decisions about Christian doctrine, saw church as gov’t office  Emperors build many churches around Constantinople and empire  Justinian’s Haiga Sophia church, churches filled with icons  Christianity becomes identity of the empire, engages public  Small differences between the Latin Church in the West and the Greek Church of Byzantium begin to widen  Both the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch in Constantinople claim authority  1054: Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other  After 1054, two Christian churches exist  Eastern Orthodox Church, ruled by the patriarch of Constantinople  Roman Catholic Church, ruled by the Bishop of Rome (pope)

7. The Hagia Sophia

8. Byzantium & The World  Following the fall of Rome, Byzantium continues the struggle against Persia  Constant war weakens both, allows for Arabs to take vast territory  Byzantine military uses “Greek fire” and Roman tactics to control smaller borders  Byzantines benefit from position between European and Asia trade routes  Takes over the silk trade and production for the Mediterranean region  Coins widely used, become status symbol in poorer western European kingdoms  Preserved the knowledge of the Greeks, Christianized Slavic peoples  Cyril and Methodius invent new alphabet to translate Bible to Slavic languages  988: Byzantines convert people of Kievan Rus to Orthodox Christianity  Vladimir of Kiev converts to Orthodox Christianity to unit people and expand trade  Moscow later known as “third Rome”

9. Rebuilding Western Europe  Western Europe far removed from world’s main trading routes  Main centers of population separated by geography, cultures diverge  In time before and after the Fall of Rome, Roman society in decline  Disease, warfare, violence, hunger, rural population on the rise  Agricultural production, urban population, literacy, trade on the decline  Germanic peoples rise as the dominant peoples of Western Europe  Roman citizens (who referred to Germanics as barbarians) now marginalized  Roman objects and institutions retained high prestige among Germanics  Some Germanic kings wish to restore “Roman Empire” on German terms  Charlemagne, of the Carolingian Empire crowned “Holy Emperor of the Romans”  Otto I of Saxony crowned emperor, renames kingdom Holy Roman Empire

10. Charlemagne’s Carolingian Empire

11. Western Christendom  Rise of Feudalism as result of war and instability after Fall of Rome  Highly fragmented and decentralized society ruled by landowning, warrior elites  Roman style slavery gives way to new system of serfdom  Fiefdoms  Vernacular languages replace Latin  Centralized and Hierarchical Roman Catholic Church fills many voids  Education, Welfare, Administrative and Political functions in some areas  Organized around Pope, bishops, priests—retains Latin as official language  Monasteries  Power brings wealth, and sometimes corruption to the Church  Germanic spirituality blended with Christian theology  Church authorities vs. Secular authorities  Investiture of Bishops, Investiture Controversy

12. Feudalism

13. The Manor System

14. The High Middle Ages (1000-1300)  Germanic migrations & invasions by outsiders = much change  Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings invade from three different sides  By 1000, invasions end and invaders absorbed into European society  Climate change and human engineering = better agriculture, more cities  Trade begins to increase, Italians begin to trade outside Western Europe  Urbanization=merchants, artisans, bankers, universities  Guilds, apprentices  Agricultural technology increases productivity  Water and animal powered grain mills, larger looms  Women’s rights limited, some professional rights, educated at convents  Territorial states with common cultures expand, but decentralized  Great Lords sometimes recognized as kings, but power limited by feudalism  Italian city-states retain independence (Venice, Milan, Genoa, Bologna)  German principalities remain independent, loosely bound by Holy Roman Emp.

15. Invasions of Europe

16. Europe, A.D. 1160

17. The Crusades  1095: Constantinople is under attack by Turkish Muslims  Emperor Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for help  Pope decides to order Christian soldiers to free Jerusalem from the “infidels”  1095-1291: Western European Christians rule four Crusader kingdoms  High organization, finance, transport, and recruitment despite decentralization  Crusader cruelty = distrust between Muslim Middle East & Christianity  Sacking of Constantinople (1204-1261)  Effects of the Crusades  Transfer of knowledge, technologies, agriculture from Middle East to Europe  Reintroduction of classical Greek thought/philosophy  Jews also targeted across Europe as infidels  Noblemen sell their land and free serfs before leaving to fight, as lords lose power, kings take more power creating centralized states  Increased trade with the East expands wealth of kingdoms, Italian city-states  Portugal, Spain, England, France emerge as powerful kingdoms by 1400

19. The Middle Ages In Perspective  The Middle Ages = European Dark Age  Politically weaker, less commercialized, technologically inferior to rest of world  China, India, Muslim World, Byzantium all more successful civilizations in Middle Ages  Europeans willing to borrow from others, especially China and Arabs  Marco Polo’s voyage to China; compass, paper, gunpowder, sternpost rudder  Technological Advancements  Northern European heave plow (wheeled and made of iron)  Windmills  Geared mechanisms  Cannons  Political fragmentation = militarism, frequent war, gunpowder revolution  Common language (Latin, later French) facilitate communication  Political independence of merchant class helps business  Parliaments democratize government function  First Estate (Clergy), Second Estate (Nobility), Third Estate (Urban Merchants)

20. Faith & Reason In Western Europe  Tension between human reason and faith  Christianity emerged in world suffused with Greek rationalism, later forgotten  Universities and political independence increases need for reason  Legal systems provide independence  Rise of “Natural Philosophy”, reintroduction of Greek thought  Scholasticism  Melding of Aristotlean philosophy and Christian theology  Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica and the Five Proofs of God  Separation of church and state in Western Europe = more scientific study  Byzantium and Islamic world seem much less scientific inquiry  Emphasis on history, literature, art, and philosophy rather than science

21. Thomas Aquinas’ Five Proofs of God ReasonReasoningConclusion Motion: All things must be set into motion, by another moving object There must have been something that moved first, on its own, setting all else into motion God is the first mover Cause & Effect: For something to happen, or exist, something else must cause it to do so There must have been one thing that existed before a cause God is the first cause, everything else is the effect Transition: All things are in transition between existing and not there must have been something that always existed, since there cannot be a time where nothing existed God is that which always existed Degree: All things are degrees of the perfect form (Plutonic Forms- Allegory of the Cave) For goodness to exist, there must be a perfect, complete goodness, from which all other goodness comes God is the complete goodness Design: The world is too perfectly ordered, for it to have come from chaos without a plan There must have been a designer for the world, and all the things in it God is the ultimate designer