1. Organization of the Human Body
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body

2. Human Body
Understanding the normal body is basis for analyzing disease
Structure
Functions

3. Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy
Study of body structure
Physiology
Study of body function

4. Levels of Organization
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body systems
Organism

5. Checkpoint 1-1:
In studying the human body, one may concentrate on its structure or function. What are these two studies called?
Anatomy and physiology

6. Body Systems Protection, support and movement Coordination and control
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Coordination and control
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulation
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Nutrition and fluid balance
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Production of offspring
Reproductive

7. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Types of metabolism
Catabolism
Complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds
Nutrients in food broken down into compounds used by the body for growth, repair and energy
Anabolism
Simple compounds used to make materials used for growth, function and tissue repair
Amino acids used to make proteins

8. Metabolism

9. Homeostasis Fluid balance Extracellular – fluids outside the cells
Blood
Lymph
Interstitial fluid (fluid between the cells)

10. Homeostasis
Feedback
Control system based on returning information to the source
Negative
Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward of downward shift
Positive
A given action promotes more of the same
Continues until stimulus stops or an outside force stops it

11. Negative feedback.
The classic example used to illustrate negative feedback is the house thermostat . As in any feedback loop, there is a stimulus (temperature change), a sensor (a thermometer), a comparator (the thermostat setting), and an effector (the furnace).

12. Negative feedback in the endocrine system.
When glucose increases in the blood (as in after a meal), the pancreas secretes insulin, which causes body cells to use more glucose.
The subsequent drop in blood sugar level signals the pancreas to reduce insulin secretion.
As a result of insulin’s reaction, the secretion of insulin is reversed.

13. Comparison of positive and negative feedback
In negative feedback, the result of an action reverses the stimulus.
In positive feedback, the result of an action stimulates further action. This positive feedback continues until the stimulus is removed or an outside force stops the cycle.

14. The Effects of Aging Obvious Not visible Wrinkles Gray hair
Decreased kidney function
Loss of bone mass
Formation of deposits in blood vessels

15. Checkpoint 1-2:
Metabolism is divided into a breakdown phase and a building phase. What are these two phases called?
Catabolism – compound substances broken down into simpler compounds
Anabolism – Simple compounds are used to manufacture needed materials

16. Checkpoint 1-3:
What type of system is mainly used to maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback

17. Directions in the Body
Consistent terms are used to designate position and direction to avoid awkwardness and inaccuracy.

18. Directional Terms Superior Ventral (anterior) Dorsal (posterior)
Above or in a higher position
The head is the superior part of the body
Ventral (anterior)
Toward the front of the body (belly)
The sternum is in the ventral part of the thorax
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward the back of the body
The sacrum is in the dorsal part of the pelvis
Cranial
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the feet
Toward the tail in four-legged animals

19. Directional Terms Medial Lateral Proximal Distal
Toward the midline of the body
The tibia is medial to the fibula
Lateral
Toward the side of the body
The humerus is lateral to the clavicle
Proximal
Nearer the origin of a structure
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
The proximal part of the alimentary canal is the mouth
Distal
Farther away from the origin
The knee is distal to the hip
The distal part of the stomach is called the pylorus

20. Directional terms
ZOOMING IN •What is the scientific name for the position in which this subject is standing?
The anatomical position

21. Planes of Division Frontal (coronal) Sagittal Transverse (horizontal)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Sagittal
Divides the body into right and left parts
The mid-sagittal plane divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves
Transverse (horizontal)
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

22. Planes of division.
ZOOMING IN •Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
Transverse (horizontal)
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal (Coronal)

23. Tissue Sections Cross section Longitudinal (transverse) section
Cut made perpendicular to the long axis
A cut across a sausage to make a circle
Longitudinal (transverse) section
Cut made parallel to the long axis
Cutting a banana lengthwise to make a banana split
Oblique section
Cut made at any angle

24. Tissue sections.

25. Cross-sections in imaging
Images taken across the body through the liver and spleen by Computed Tomography (CT)

26. Checkpoint 1-4:
What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?
Frontal, sagittal, transverse
What kind of plane divides the body into halves?
Mid-sagittal

27. Body Cavities
Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, that contain organs.
The two main cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavities

28. Body cavities, lateral view.
ZOOMING IN • What cavity contains the diaphragm?
Thoracic cavity

29. Dorsal Cavity Two main cavities Cranial Spinal Contains the brain
Contains the spinal cord

30. Ventral Cavity Has two main cavities separated by diaphragm Thoracic
Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal (superior) cavity
Pelvic (inferior) cavity

31. The thoracic cavity.

32. Checkpoint 1-5:
There are two main body cavities, one posterior and one anterior. Name these two cavities.
Posterior – dorsal
Anterior - ventral

33. Regions of the Abdomen Epigastric Umbilical (navel) Hypogastric
Right and left Hypochondriac
Right and left Lumbar
Right and left Inguinal (iliac)

34. Quadrants of the Abdomen
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

35. The nine regions of the abdomen.

36. Quadrants of the abdomen.

37. Checkpoint 1-6:
Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.
Central regions
Epigastric
Umbilical (navel)
Hypogastric
Lateral regions
Right and left Hypochondriac
Right and left Lumbar
Right and left Inguinal (iliac)

38. The Metric System Each multiple is indicated by a prefix.
Kilo- X 1,000
Centi- 1/100
Milli- 1/1,000
Micro- 1/1,000,000

39. Units of Length Meter Kilometer (km) Centimeter(cm) Millimeter(mm)
The basic unit of length is the meter (m)
Kilometer (km)
Equal to a 1000 meters
Centimeter(cm)
Equal to 1/100 of a meter (there are 100 centimeters in a meter
Millimeter(mm)
Equal to 1/1000 of a meter (there are 1000 millimeters in a meter)

40. Comparison of metric and British systems
1 mm = 0.04 inch, or 1 inch = 25 mm
1 cm = 0.4 inch, or 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.3 feet, or 1 foot = 30 cm

41. Units of Weight Gram(g) Kilogram(kg) Milligram(mg)
The basic unit of weight
30 g are about equal to 1 ounce
Kilogram(kg)
1 kilogram = 1000 gram
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (lb)
Milligram(mg)
1 milligram = 1/1000 gram (1 gram = 1000 mg)
Drug doses are usually stated in g or mg.

42. Units of Volume Liter Milliliter Basic measure for volume
One liter is equal to 1.06 quarts
Milliliter
There are 1000 ml in one liter
5 ml = 1 teaspoon
15 ml = 1 tablespoon
1 fluid oz contains 30 ml

43. Temperature Celsius (centigrade) scale
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
°F = 9/5 °C + 32
Ex. To convert 35 °C to °F
°F = (9/5 x 35) + 32 =
= 95 °F
To convert Fahrenheit to Celcius
°C = 5/9 (°F –32)
Ex. To convert 80 °F to °C
°C = 5/9(80 – 32)
= 5/9 (48)
= 26.8 °C

44. Checkpoint 1-7:
Name the basic units of length, weight, and volume in the metric system.
Length
Meter
Kilometer
Centimeter
Millimeter
Weight
Gram
Kilogram
Milligram
Volume
Liter
Milliliter