2. Arctic and Antarctic

3. Poles Apart  The Earth is shaped like a big ball, or sphere. Very top of the sphere  The very top of the world is called the North Pole. The area around it is the Arctic.  The South Pole lies at the bottom of the world, in a vast icy continent called Antarctica.

4. Ice scapes Arctic  The Arctic is a sheet of frozen sea with land around the edges.  Lots of native peoples have adapted to life in the Arctic.  Average Arctic summer +10C (+50F), average winter – 34C (- 30F) Antarctic  The Antarctic is mostly land covered in ice.  Antarctica is covered in ice that never melts. In some places it is 4,000 m ( 13,ooo ft ) thick !  Average Antarctic summer -8C (-18F), average winter -34C (- 30F)

5. Off The Scale

6. Many different people live in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia, despite the cold. Inuit people of northern Canada sometimes build snow shelters called igloos. Sami live in Lapland. They travel long distances with their herds of reindeer. Chukchi live in eastern Siberia. They use wooden boats covered in animal skin to hunt sea mammals. Dolgan people from Siberia’ s Taymyr Peninsula build houses on runners so they can move around. Nenets people have lived in northern Siberia for more than 1,000 years. Like the Sami,they keep herds of reindeer. Arctic people

7. Icy Facts  In winter, ice on the polar seas can be thick enough to land a plane on.  Chunks of ice that break off float away as icebergs.  Icebergs can be almost 300 km ( 190 miles) long

8. Antarctic Animals. Penguins. Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica Emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri

9. Antarctic Animals. Seals. Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddelli Southern Fur seal Arctocephalus gazella Southern Elephant seal Mirounga leonina Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophagus Leopard Seal Hydruga leptonyx

10. Antarctic Animals. Whale species Krill - Euphausia superba Wandering albatross Diomedea axulans Snow petrel Pagrodama nivea Antarctic skua Catharacta maccormicki

11. Arctic Animals Arctic Fox - Vulpes lagopus Arctic Hare - Lepus arcticus Arctic Wolf Caribou / Reindeer - Rangifer tarandus Moose - Alces alces Ermine - Mustela erminea

12. Arctic Animals Lemming - Lemmus lemmus Polar Bear - Ursus maritimus Snowy Owl - Bubo scandiacus Ribbon Seal - Histriophoca fasciata Walrus - Odobenus rosmarus Narwhal - Monodon monoceros