1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 6: Religion The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions –Seek to appeal to all people –Most are prosyletic Ethnic religions –Appeal to a smaller group of people living in one place

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Distribution of Religions Figure 6-3

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Religions of the United States

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions –Christianity The largest world religion (about 2 billion adherents) –Many adherents in Europe, the Americas Three major branches –Roman Catholicism (51 percent) –Protestant Christianity (24 percent) –Eastern Orthodox (11 percent) »Other, smaller branches of Christianity comprise 14 percent of all Christians

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Warmup Which three religions have their hearth in Southwest Asia? –Islam –Buddhism –Hinduism –Christianity –Judaism –Taoism

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Warmup Which three religions have their hearth in Southwest Asia? –Islam: Mecca –Christianity: Jerusalem –Judaism: Israel

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We have a lot of baggage when it comes to the Middle East

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Aladdin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYeQ4 7M5nOc

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions –Islam The second-largest world religion (about 1.3 billion adherents) –Significant clusters in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars Two significant branches –Sunnis (83 percent) –Shias or Shiites (16 percent)

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bridge maps AS Connecting Factor A1 A2 B1 B2

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bridge maps AS Is a person who follows Christian Christianity ? Islam

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bridge maps AS Is the holy building for ? Christianity ? Islam

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17. Bridge maps AS Was the greatest figure in Jesus Christianity ? Islam

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bridge maps AS Is the holy book for The Bible Christianity ? Islam

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Five Pillars of Islam 1. There is no true god (deity) but God (Allah), and Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of God. 2. Pray five time per day 3. Charity to the needy 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. The pilgrimage to Mecca

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Islam: What two regions?

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22. Distribution of Islam: What two regions?

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24. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

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26. Mecca: Birthplace of Muhammad

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28. Medina: 2 nd home of Muhammad

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Misconceptions about the Middle East

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hajib Burqa

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hotel in Saudi Arabia

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Business district: Cairo, Egypt

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36. A Land Called Paradise http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbcmP e0z3Sc

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions –Buddhism About 400 million adherents (difficult to quantify) –Significant clusters in China, Southeast Asia The Four Noble Truths Three branches –Mahayana (China, Japan, Korea) –Theravada (Southeast Asia) –Tantrayana (Tibet, Mongolia)

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Ethnic religions –Hinduism The third-largest religion in the world (900 million adherents) 97 percent of Hindus are found in India Many paths to spirituality

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Religions Distributed? Ethnic religions –Other ethnic religions Confucianism (China) Daoism (China) Shinto (Japan) Judaism (today: the United States, Israel) –The first monotheistic religion Ethnic African religions –Animism

40. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Religions Figure 6-4 Figure 6-5 BuddhismHinduism

41. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Religions of the United States

42. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of religions –Universalizing: precise origins, tied to a specific founder Christianity –Founder: Jesus Islam –Prophet of Islam: Muhammad Buddhism –Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

43. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of religions –Ethnic: unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder Hinduism –No clear founder –Earliest use of Hinduism = sixth century B.C. –Archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.

44. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of religions –Universalizing religions Christianity –Diffuses via relocation and expansion diffusion Islam –Diffuses to North Africa, South and Southeast Asia Buddhism –Slow diffusion from the core

45. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Figure 6-6

46. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Limited diffusion of ethnic religions –Universal religions usually compete with ethnic religions –Examples of mingling: Christianity with African ethnic religions Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan –Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration –Judaism = exception

47. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Holy places –In universalizing religions Buddhist shrines Holy places in Islam = associated with the life of Muhammad –In ethnic religions Holy places in Hinduism = closely tied to the physical geography of India Cosmogony in ethnic religions

48. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Figure 6-17

49. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? The calendar –In ethnic religions = celebration of the seasons The Jewish calendar The solstice –In universalizing religions = celebration of the founder’s life

50. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? Places of worship –Many types: Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Buddhist and Shinto pagodas, Bahá’í houses of worship Figure 6-19

51. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? Sacred space –Disposing of the dead Burial Other ways of disposing of the dead –Religious settlements –Religious place names

52. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Religious Toponyms Figure 6-21

53. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? Administration of space –Hierarchical religions Latter-day Saints Roman Catholics –Locally autonomous religions Islam Protestant denominations

54. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Roman Catholic Hierarchy in the United States Figure 6-22

55. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise? Religions versus government policies –Religion versus social change Taliban and Western values Hinduism and social inequality –Caste system –Religion versus communism Eastern Orthodoxy and Islam in the Soviet Union Buddhism in Southeast Asia

56. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise? Religion versus religion –Fundamentalism –Religious wars in Ireland –Religious wars in the Middle East Crusades (Christians in Muslim lands) Jews and Muslims in Palestine

57. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Protestants in Ireland Figure 6-23

58. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Two Perspectives on Palestine/Israel Figure 6-26

59. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Israel’s “Separation Fence” Figure 6-27

60. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Ethnicity