1. Limb Anatomy
Azami PHD

2. Definitions Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”
Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically
Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

3. History of Anatomy
Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC
Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

4. Hippocrates (~370 BC) Greek physician who studied anatomy
“Father of Anatomy”
Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

5. Galen 2nd Century AD Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers
Also performed vivisection on animals

6. Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )
When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
Cadavers were no longer used
Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

7. 16th Century Contributions
Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

8. 17th and 18th centuries Few dissections were allowed
Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them
Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

9. 19th Century Began studying developmental anatomy
England became the center of anatomical research
Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses
Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

10. Modern Anatomy
CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

11. Anatomy definition
A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.
Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.
This is generally divided into:
Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)
Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)
Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

12. Gross Anatomy
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system
Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

13. Organ systems - 1 Integument (skin) Skeleton Muscles Nervous system
Central (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral (the peripheral nerves)
Endocrine (glands)

14. Organ systems - 2 Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)
Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes)
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive (male/female)

15. Anatomical terminology
This generally relates to:
Names of the organ systems or regions
Names of body organs or their parts
Anatomical planes
Anatomical locations

16. Anatomical planes

17. Anatomical Planes
Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts
Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

18. Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid-saggital plane
Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

19. Anatomical planes - 2
Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

20. Saggital plane

21. Anatomical planes - 3
Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

22. Coronal Plane

23. Anatomical planes - 4
Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

24. Horizontal Plane

25. Body Planes 1 2 3

26. Anatomical positions - 1
1. Cranial toward the head
2. Caudal - toward the feet
3. Medial - toward the middle
4. Lateral - toward/from the side
5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb
6. Distal - toward the finger/toes
7. Superior - above
8. Inferior - below

27. Anatomical positions - 2

28. Anatomical movements - 1
1. External rotation
2. Internal rotation
3. Supination
4. Pronation
5. Eversion
6. Inversion
7. Adduction
8. Abduction

29. Anatomical movements - 2 Flexion/Extension

30. Other anatomical terms
Volar(relating to the palm of hand)
Plantar (the sole of the foot)
Superficial (towards the surface)
Deep (towards the centre)

31. Movements
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

32. Movements

33. Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

34. Movements Prone Lying face down Supine Lying face up Supination
Pronation
Supine
Lying face up Supination

35. Movements Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction
Moving a part forward

36. Movements Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction
Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

37. Movements
Lateral Flexion
Side-bending left or right

38. Visualising Anatoomy
Cadaver
Atlas
Models
Plastination
3D Model

39. Visualising the living subject
There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject:
Surface anatomy
Medical imaging
Using scopes
Surgery

40. Radiological terminology -1
Imaging techniques:
X-ray
computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan
Ultrasound scans (Sonography)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
computed axial tomography

41. Radiological terminology - 2
X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of x-rays by various tissues.
Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE)
Like: bone, teeth, metal implants
Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK) Like: air, fat

43. Radiological terminology - 3
Plain film
X-ray without the use of artificial contrast.
Contrast film
X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been introduced into a cavity, space or vessel.
Examples:
Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart)
Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs)
Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract)
Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)

44. QUIZ

45. Range of Motion Hip _Abduction_________________
Hip _Adduction_________________
Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Extension________________
Wrist _Extension________________
(a) _Hyperextension_____________
(b) _Flexion____________________
Knee _Flexion__________________
Ankle ______________
Forearm (a) _Supination__________
Forearm (b) _Pronation__________
Shoulder _Circumduction_________
Shoulder _Elevation_____________
Jaw _Protraction________________
Shoulder _Rotation______________
Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________
Ankle ________________________
Wrist _________________________
(a) __________________________
(b) __________________________
Forearm (a) ___________________
Forearm (b) ___________________
Shoulder ______________________
Jaw __________________________

46. End