1. Subsistence AGRICULTURE AND PASTORALISM

2. Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit  1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies  2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns  3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to food production.

3. Adaptive Strategies  Means of making a living  1) Foraging  2) Horticulture  3) Agriculture  4) Pastoralism  5) Industrialism  Will discuss at the end of the quarter

4. Agriculture  Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively  Focus of our discussion:  1.  2.  3.

5. Agriculture: Domesticated Animals  Means of production  1.  2.  3.  4.

6. Agriculture: Irrigation  Benefits  1.  2.  3.  Example: Ifugao Rice FieldsIfugao Rice Fields

7. Agriculture: Terracing  Terrace – piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces  Why?  Effective farming Inca - Peru

8. Agriculture: Irrigation & Terracing

9. Cultivation Continuum Horticulture: ____________________ Agriculture: ____________ Labor increases, permanent pot usage increases Key Difference between H & A: ______________vs. _________________

10. Pastoralism  Subsistence strategy ____________________  Adaptation to one’s environment  _________________  Only in ___________except Andean region

11. Pastoralism  Degree of sedentism depends on animals  Camels, cows, goats: __________  Pigs: _______________  Types of Mobility  Pastoral Nomadism: _________________  Transhumance: _____________________

12. Video 1 Video 2

13. Maasai of Kenya & Tanzania  ‘Cattle People’  ‘Warrior People’  Well known for their red clothing

14. Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania  Influenced by local government & international activitiesinternational activities  Land rights  Possession of cattle  Eco-tourism