1. The Challenges of Sociology to Religious Belief Is religion a product of society?

2. Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) What is religion? Where does religion come from? What is the function and importance of religion for society?

3. Emile Durkheim What is religion? ‘a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things’ Sacred things e.g. Christian cross Believed to have special quality Set apart from everyday things Rituals e.g. prayer, communion Performed by groups Follow set pattern

4. Emile Durkheim Where does religion come from? Examined primitive religion Australian Aborigines Divided into small groups – clans Each clan associated with a totem Totem was specific animal or plant considered sacred But each clan had own animal Images of totem considered more sacred than actual animal Concluded clan to be more important than the totem

5. Emile Durkheim Therefore the focus of worship in all religions is actually society We must behave in a socially acceptable way But that does not mean we want to behave that way ‘… society to its members is what a god is to his worshipers’ (Durkheim)

6. Emile Durkheim What is the function and importance of religion for society? Religion holds society together Especially through rituals Rituals strengthened people’s dependence on society Form of ritual is unimportant – one as valid as another Object of worship also does not matter We will in time worship objects other than a god e.g. Princess Diana

7. Emile Durkheim Conclusions Durkheim does not disprove God Shows that worship of a god could be the effect of society Gods are a symbol of society rather than a reality But whilst he might be right about most religions there could still be ‘one true God’

8. Emile Durkheim Strengths Accounts for enormous variety of religions Religion does play a part in strengthening society Religious objects do unit people and place values upon them Explains the social side of religion – collective worship This is not covered by psychology

9. Emile Durkheim Weaknesses Does not explain why and how Music may unite people but the composer may have set out to express himself In the same way religion could have come about as a response to God’s love No evidence of his interpretation of the Aboriginal religion Even if correct does not mean all religions come from the same process E.g. Muhammad reject society Whilst religion can unite society it can also create division E.g. Catholic -v- Protestant Interpretation of religion is too broad

10. Max Weber (1864-1920) Society only one of several factors explaining religion Religion is a major force behind change of society Weber less interested in origin of religion Concerned with different types and impact on society

11. Max Weber Three key questions Where does religion come from? What is the relationship between one’s religious beliefs and the social group to which one belongs? What is the impact of religious beliefs upon the behaviour of society?

12. Max Weber Where does religion come from? Religion is universal Makes sense of life Fulfils basic psychological needs Our ideal interests We want life to be kind and fair In practice it is senseless This leads to religion Material interests Our position in society and our interests determine our religious view Charismatic prophets introduced the various religions

13. Max Weber What is the relationship between one’s religious beliefs and the social group to which one belongs? Weber noted: Primitive societies centred their religion on material need – food and wealth Developed societies centred their religion on ethical rules Wealthy people use religion to justify their wealth through their righteousness

14. Max Weber What is the impact of religious beliefs upon the behaviour of society? Once adopted, a religion can have a major impact on behaviour and economic activity Introduction of Protestantism coincided with Capitalism Protestantism encouraged involvement in the world Idea of predestination led to need to perform one’s duty as if one of the elect

15. Max Weber Strengths Accepts complexity of religion Leaves room for possibility that God does exist There are examples of religious beliefs influenced by interests E.g. liberation theology There are examples of religion bringing about social change E.g. anti-apartheid headed by Archbishop Desmond Tutu Link between religion and capitalism is plausible

16. Max Weber Weaknesses Offers no prove that God does not exist Psychological need could have been given to us by God Society could influence our beliefs differently because our needs are different R. Tawney suggests that capitalism brought about a change in behaviour not religion Capitalism is found in predominantly Catholic countries e.g. Belgium, Japan Parkin shows that Calvinism opposes profit for it’s own sake

17. Putting it altogether Write bullet points that show how you would go about answering the following exam question: a) Explain how sociologists have understood the role of religion in society. (33) b) ‘Sociology presents no threat to belief in God.’ Discuss (17)