1. Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution, 1787–Present
The American Nation
Chapter 8
Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution, 1787–Present
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 8: Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution, 1787–Present
The American Nation
Chapter 8: Government, Citizenship, and the Constitution, 1787–Present
Section 1: Goals and Principles of the Constitution
Section 2: How the Federal Government Works
Section 3: Changing the Constitution
Section 4: State and Local Governments
Section 5: Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Goals and Principles of the Constitution
Chapter 8, Section 1
How does the Preamble define the basic goals of the Constitution?
What framework of government is established by the articles of the Constitution?
What are the seven basic principles of American government?

4. The Preamble Defines the Constitution’s Basic Goals
Chapter 8, Section 1
To form a more perfect union
The states work together as one unified nation, not as separate nations.
To establish justice
The justice system requires that the law be applied fairly to every American.
To ensure domestic tranquillity
The government can ensure domestic tranquillity, or peace and order at home.
To provide for the common defense
To protect citizens against foreign attack, the national government can raise armies and navies. However, the military is under civilian, or nonmilitary, control.
To promote the general welfare
The national government promotes the general welfare, or the well-being of all its citizens.
To secure the blessing of liberty
A major goal of the Constitution is to protect the liberty, or freedom, of Americans.
Preamble—opening statement

5. The Articles Describe a Framework of Government
Chapter 8, Section 1
Article I
Describes the legislative branch. Establishes powers and limits on Congress.
Article II
Describes the executive branch. Establishes powers and limits of the President.
Article III
Describes the judicial branch. Establishes powers and limits of the courts.
Article IV
Explains relations between the states. Requires states to honor one another’s laws. Sets out a system for admitting new states.
Article V
Provides a process for amending the Constitution.
Article VI
Says the Constitution is the “supreme law of the land.” No state law may violate the Constitution.

6. The Constitution Provides a System of Checks and Balances
Chapter 8, Section 1

7. Seven Basic Principles of Government
Chapter 8, Section 1
Popular Sovereignty
The principle that government gets its authority from the people, therefore people have a right to change or abolish their government.
Limited Government
The principle that government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it. Everyone, no matter how important, must obey the law.
Separation of Powers
The idea of limiting government power by dividing it among different branches of government.
Checks and Balances
Each branch of government has power to check, or limit, actions of the other branches.
Federalism
The principle of dividing power between the federal government and the states.
Republicanism
A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to carry out their will.
Individual Rights
Individual rights include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to trial by jury.

8. Separation of Powers
Chapter 8, Section 1

9. Federalism
Chapter 8, Section 1

10. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 1
One goal of the Constitution is to protect domestic tranquillity, which means
a) freedom.
b) well-being of all citizens.
c) peace and order at home.
d) nonmilitary control.
Under a system of checks and balances,
a) each branch of government can check the actions of the other two.
b) power is divided among three branches of government.
c) power is divided between the federal government and the states.
d) the national government has only the powers the Constitution gives it.
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11. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 1
One goal of the Constitution is to protect domestic tranquillity, which means
a) freedom.
b) well-being of all citizens.
c) peace and order at home.
d) nonmilitary control.
Under a system of checks and balances,
a) each branch of government can check the actions of the other two.
b) power is divided among three branches of government.
c) power is divided between the federal government and the states.
d) the national government has only the powers the Constitution gives it.
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12. How the Federal Government Works
Chapter 8, Section 2
What are the powers of the legislative branch?
What roles does the President fill as head of the executive branch?
How is the judicial branch organized?
How can each branch of the government check the powers of the other two?

13. The Legislative Branch: Congress
Chapter 8, Section 2
House of Representatives
435 members
Number of representatives for a state is based on that state’s population
2-year terms
Leader of the House is the Speaker.
Senate
100 members
Two senators per state
6-year terms
Leader of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States. When the Vice President is away, the president pro tempore takes over.

14. The Legislative Branch: The Powers of Congress
Chapter 8, Section 2
Listed Powers and Duties of Congress
To make laws
To levy taxes
To borrow money
To coin money
To establish post offices
To fix standard weights and measures
To declare war
Elastic Clause
Congress can “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out its duties.

15. How a Bill Becomes a Law Bill—a proposal for a law
Chapter 8, Section 2
Bill—a proposal for a law

16. The Executive Branch: Powers and Duties of the President
Chapter 8, Section 2
To carry out the nation’s laws
To direct foreign policy
To make treaties
To appoint ambassadors
To act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces
To suggest new laws and work for their passage
Can grant pardons
Can call special sessions of Congress
To stand as a symbol of the nation

17. Electing the President: Presidential Facts
Chapter 8, Section 2
The President is elected for a 4-year term.
The President may be elected to no more than two complete terms.
The President is elected by a complex system known as the electoral college.
When Americans vote for President, they are really voting for a group of electors pledged to the candidate.
A few weeks after Election Day, the electors meet in each state to vote. The candidate who receives a majority of the electoral votes nationwide becomes President.

18. Electing the President: The Electoral College
Chapter 8, Section 2

19. The Judicial Branch
Chapter 8, Section 2

20. Examples of Checks and Balances
Chapter 8, Section 2
One branch
checks another branch
by doing the following
President
Congress
vetoing, or rejecting, bills Congress has passed
overriding, or overruling, the President’s veto
approving or disapproving Presidential appointments
ratify or not ratify treaties the President has negotiated
The House can impeach, or bring charges of wrongdoing against, the President. The Senate then conducts a trial.
Supreme
President and Congress
declaring laws unconstitutional

21. Section 2 Assessment Only Congress has the power to
Chapter 8, Section 2
Only Congress has the power to
a) make foreign policy.
b) declare war.
c) decide cases involving federal laws.
d) select electors.
Only the President has the power to
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22. Section 2 Assessment Only Congress has the power to
Chapter 8, Section 2
Only Congress has the power to
a) make foreign policy.
b) declare war.
c) decide cases involving federal laws.
d) select electors.
Only the President has the power to
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23. Changing the Constitution
Chapter 8, Section 3
How can the Constitution be amended?
What rights does the Bill of Rights protect?
How did later amendments expand democratic rights?

24. Amending the Constitution
Chapter 8, Section 3

25. The Bill of Rights First Amendment
Chapter 8, Section 3
First Amendment
Safeguards individual rights—freedom of religion, speech, the press, the right to assemble peacefully, the right to petition the government to change its policies.
Second Amendment
“A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”
Third Amendment
Congress may not force citizens to put up troops in their homes.
Fourth Amendment
Citizens are protected from unlawful searches of their homes and property.
Fifth Amendment
People cannot be forced to incriminate, or give evidence against, themselves.

26. The Bill of Rights Sixth Amendment
Chapter 8, Section 3
Sixth Amendment
People are guaranteed the right to a speedy and public trial by a fair jury. The accused have a right to know the charges against them and who is making the charges.
Seventh Amendment
Provides for juries in civil, or non criminal, trials.
Eighth Amendment
Forbids excessive bail or fines and “cruel and unusual punishments.”
Ninth Amendment
Citizens’ rights are not limited to those listed in the Constitution.
Tenth Amendment
All powers not given to the national government or denied to the states are reserved for the states or for the people.

27. Later Amendments Expanded Rights
Chapter 8, Section 3
Thirteenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment
Nineteenth Amendment
Twenty-sixth Amendment
Civil War Amendments
Abolished slavery.
Guaranteed citizenship to former slaves.
Declared that states may not deny the vote to any citizen on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Gave women the right to vote.
Lowered the minimum voting age from 21 to 18.
Voting Rights Amendments

28. Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 3
Basic individual liberties protected by the Constitution include the right to
a) knowingly publish lies about someone.
b) establish an official church in your state.
c) assemble peacefully.
d) make someone give evidence against themselves.
The Nineteenth Amendment expanded voting rights by
a) giving women the right to vote.
b) giving former slaves the right to vote.
c) changing the way electoral college is chosen.
d) lowering the voting age to 18.
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29. Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 3
Basic individual liberties protected by the Constitution include the right to
a) knowingly publish lies about someone.
b) establish an official church in your state.
c) assemble peacefully.
d) make someone give evidence against themselves.
The Nineteenth Amendment expanded voting rights by
a) giving women the right to vote.
b) giving former slaves the right to vote.
c) changing the way electoral college is chosen.
d) lowering the voting age to 18.
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30. State and Local Governments
Chapter 8, Section 4
How are state constitutions similar to and different from the national Constitution?
What services do state governments provide?
How do local governments affect our daily lives?

31. How State Constitutions Compare With the National Constitution
Chapter 8, Section 4
Similarities
Most state constitutions begin with a preamble.
Most state constitutions include a bill of rights.
State constitutions set up a government with three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial.
State constitutions can be amended.
Differences
Most state constitutions are longer and more detailed.
In many states, citizens can amend the constitution. In a process known as the constitutional initiative, people can gather signatures on a petition to amend the state constitution. If enough signatures are gathered, the petition goes to the legislature or to the voters.

32. Examples of Services Provided by States
Chapter 8, Section 4
Maintain law and order
Enforce criminal law
Protect property
Regulate business
Supervise public education
Provide public health and welfare programs
Build and maintain the state’s infrastructure, or system of roads, bridges, and tunnels
Operate state parks and forests
Regulate use of state-owned land
License professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers

33. The Work of Local Governments
Chapter 8, Section 4
Local Government—government on the county, parish, city, town, village, and district level; get their powers from the state
Build and run local schools
Hire and support firefighters, police, and garbage collectors
Provide sewers and water
Maintain local roads
Maintain local hospitals
Conduct safety inspections of buildings and restaurants
May own and run water and sewage treatment plants
Provide libraries, parks, and other cultural and recreational facilities
May support airports, sports arenas, and civic centers

34. Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 4
Most state constitutions are similar to the national Constitution in that they
a) give the states the ability to deal with national issues.
b) are fairly short.
c) can only be amended by Congress.
d) set up three branches of government.
One service that county and city governments do NOT provide is
a) granting drivers’ licenses.
b) building and running schools.
c) supporting firefighters.
d) conducting safety inspections of restaurants.
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35. Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 4
Most state constitutions are similar to the national Constitution in that they
a) give the states the ability to deal with national issues.
b) are fairly short.
c) can only be amended by Congress.
d) set up three branches of government.
One service that county and city governments do NOT provide is
a) granting drivers’ licenses.
b) building and running schools.
c) supporting firefighters.
d) conducting safety inspections of restaurants.
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36. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens
Chapter 8, Section 5
What makes a person a citizen of the United States?
How can Americans develop democratic values?
What are the responsibilities of citizenship?

37. What Is a Citizen?
Chapter 8, Section 5
A citizen is a person who owes loyalty to a particular nation and is entitled to all its rights and protections.
To be a United States citizen:
You were born in the United States or at least one parent is a citizen.
You were naturalized, that is, you have completed the official legal process for becoming a citizen.
Many immigrants—people who enter another country to settle there—become naturalized citizens.
First, immigrants may have permission to stay in the country as resident aliens, or noncitizens living in the country.
You were 18 or younger when your parents were naturalized.

38. Democratic Values Basic Values Such as honesty and compassion
Chapter 8, Section 5
Basic Values
Such as honesty and compassion
Patriotism
A feeling of love and devotion toward one’s country; inspires Americans to serve their nation
Respect
For ourselves, our families, our neighbors, and other members of our community
Responsibility
Both personal and public responsibility; responsibility for ourselves and the consequences of our actions
Physical and moral courage; doing the right thing even when it is unpopular, difficult, or dangerous
Civic Virtue—a willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at great sacrifice.

39. Responsibilities of Citizenship
Chapter 8, Section 5
Voting
Citizens must study the candidates and issues in order to make responsible choices.
Obeying the laws
We give the government the power to make laws for us, so we have a duty to obey the laws.
Defending the nation
Citizens must help defend the nation against threats to its peace or security, such as by serving in the military.
Serving the community
Many citizens offer their time and talents to improve their communities and help others.
Being informed
Citizens cannot protect their rights unless they know what they are and stay informed.
Serving on a jury
Citizens must take time out from their work and personal lives for jury duty, serving on a jury when called.

40. Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 5
One democratic value is moral courage, which means
a) doing the right thing even when it is unpopular.
b) showing a feeling of love and devotion toward one’s country.
c) respecting the property of others.
d) serving the nation even at great risk to oneself.
Because the Bill of Rights guarantees a right to trial by jury, responsible citizens will
a) register for jury duty at age 18.
b) enlist in the military without being called.
c) take jury duty seriously and serve when called.
d) study the candidates before voting for a jury.
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41. Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 8, Section 5
One democratic value is moral courage, which means
a) doing the right thing even when it is unpopular.
b) showing a feeling of love and devotion toward one’s country.
c) respecting the property of others.
d) serving the nation even at great risk to oneself.
Because the Bill of Rights guarantees a right to trial by jury, responsible citizens will
a) register for jury duty at age 18.
b) enlist in the military without being called.
c) take jury duty seriously and serve when called.
d) study the candidates before voting for a jury.
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