1. The Cultural Geography of Europe

2. Northern Europe Immigrant Refugee Middle Ages Feudalism Reformation
Key Terms:
Immigrant
Refugee
Middle Ages
Feudalism
Reformation
Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Capitalism
Communism
Cold War
European Union
Welfare State
Romanticism

3. Northern Europe (cont)
Main Point:
Industrialized and successful economies
Population Patterns
Influenced by migration of distinct ethnic groups
Over 160 ethnic groups in Northern Europe
The people
British Isles- England, Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland
Most live in United Kingdom and Ireland
Early Celtic peoples- 2,500 to 3,000
Last 100 years- immigrants from South Asia and West Indies

4. The People: Northern Europe (cont)
Refugees- flee home country for safety reasons
Many to GB during and after WWII
Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes
Different languages; common Germanic heritage
Similar ways of life
Eastern European influences
Reshaping of the Scandinavian cultures

5. Density and Distribution
U.K.- most densely populated
60 million = 635 per sq. mi.
Scandinavia
Low pop. density; inhospitable terrain
Internal migration
Rural to urban
Job seekers
Most important cities drive economies
U.K.- London (7 million people)
Sweden- Stockholm (1.7 million people)
Denmark- Copenhagen (popular tourist destination)

6. Population Density

7. History and Government
Culture has fueled Northern Europeans to create powerful governments and economies
Earliest inhabitants from mainland Europe over 500,000 years ago
55 BC to 1066 AD
Romans took Britain; brought Christianity
500 to 1500 AD
Middle Ages
Feudalism- lords gave lands to vassals as a reward for their loyalty
1500s
Reformation
Reduction of power of Catholic Church
Powerful church unwelcome

8. CHANGE Enlightenment- rebirth of reason Industrial Revolution New Era
1600s- England issued their Bill of Rights
Industrial Revolution
Machinery = production
Industrial capitalism = profit used to expand companies
Poor class = communism = equality and ownership of factors of production
New Era
European Union
Free movement of goods, services, and workers to member nations

9. Culture: Northern Europe
Old traditions influence daily life
Language and Religion
Indo-European languages (Swedish and English)
Freedom of religion (mostly Protestant)
Education and Healthcare
Have the most educated populations in the world
100% literacy rate
HC provided by the welfare state- gov’t funded
The Arts
Shakespeare shaped the literary world
1700s- romanticism- writing to stir emotions and feeling
Denmark- Hans Christian Anderson

10. Western Europe Guest Worker Crusades Reparations Holocaust Realism
Key Terms:
Guest Worker
Crusades
Reparations
Holocaust
Realism
Impressionist

11. Western Europe
Idea: Western Europe influenced by its location, history, and revolutionary role in world events
Population Patterns:
Shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events
Welcomed many ethnicities
1950s- guest workers- work in a foreign country to encourage economic growth

12. Density and Distribution
Mostly densely populated
Most live in cities
Germany- most populous million
598 per sq. mi.
Netherlands and Belgium
Most densely populated b/c of small land areas
Trend
Migration to mostly urban areas

13. Famous Cities: Western Europe
Paris- capital of France
Cultural and Economic center
Brussels- Belgium
Commercial Center and administrative center of the European Union
Amsterdam
Capital of the Netherlands
Famed for its canals, art, and atmosphere of tolerance

14. Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam

15. History and Government
Shaped by early civilization, revolutions, and world wars
Early People
Celts, Romans, Basques, and Frisians
Rise of Western Europe
Began with Charlemagne (786 to 814 AD)
Renaissance- 1400s = Greek and Roman revival
1500s- Reformation

16. Change: Western Europe
Thirty Years’ War- France emerged victorious and powerful
1700s- French Revolution (Enlightenment)
Prussia- rose to power in mid-1800s
WWI
Reparations- payments for damages
Combined with Germany taking all the blame for WWI led to WWII
WWII produced the Holocaust

17. A New Era: Western Europe
Post-WW2-
Germany divided into East (communist) and West (democratic)
1950s
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
Would become the EU in 1990

18. CULTURE
Influenced by history, common values, and location as a crossroads of European cultures and values
Arts
Realism- accurate depiction of life and environment
Impressionism- immediate impressions of the world
Language and Religion
Indo European languages
Basques – Euskera
Religion- Catholic and Protestant

19. Culture (cont) Education and Healthcare Family Life
98-100% literacy rate
Education for all
HC funded by the gov’t
Family Life
High standards of living
Aging population
Generally more cultured

20. Realism and Impressionism

21. Southern Europe Key Terms: City-State Renaissance Main Idea:
Modernization and industrial powers with distinct cultural identities

22. Population Patterns
Unique cultures and history have shaped population patterns
People
Descendants of prior civilizations
Italians- from Etruscan and Roman descent
Spanish- Iberian descent
Catalonia- state of Andorra- origin of the Catalans
Greeks- descendants of Minoans and Mycenaean's

23. Southern Europe: Density and Distribution
58 million = 505 per sq. mi.
Italy- most populous of Southern Europe
Spain- 208 per sq. mi.
Most live in coastal/industrial areas
History of emigration (moving away from home-country)
Today- immigration; people moving to urban areas

24. Prominent Cities Rome Athens Madrid Milan Venice Lisbon
Capital of Italy
Chief commercial center
Athens
Capital of Greece
Center of culture
Madrid
Capital of Spain
Center of Arts and Finance
Milan
Italy; manufacturing, commerce, and finance
Venice
Italy: famous canals
Lisbon
Capital of Portugal

25. History and Government
Early civilizations, global trade, and world events shaped Southern Europe
Greek city-states (separate communities linked by language and culture)
Democracy AD
Romans and Constantinople
s- Moors (Muslims) invaded Spain and remained there
Renaissance- 1300s and 1400s
Colonization- 1400s

26. Winds of Change 1800s and 1900s WWI and II Today Nationalism
Spain and Portugal lost their colonies
Greece gained independence from Turkey
WWI and II
Political and economic instability
Today
Democratically elected governments
Member nations of the EU

27. Southern European Culture
Religion, the arts, and intellectual traditions have shaped societies and governments
Education
95% literacy rate
Compulsory education
HC- varied; Spain has more doctors per person than anywhere in Europe
Greece- not too successful

28. Culture (cont) Language and Religion Arts and Leisure
Romance languages: Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese
Italy, Spain, and Portugal = Roman Catholic
Greece- Greek Orthodox Church
Italy and Spain = growing Muslim populations
Arts and Leisure
Columns, Arches, and Domes
DaVinci ( )
Michelangelo ( )
Soccer, Bullfighting popular

29. Southern Europe: Pictures

30. Eastern Europe Key Terms: Balkanization Ethnic Cleansing Main Idea
Shaped by centuries of power struggles, and current growth in economic strength

31. Eastern Europe: Population Patterns
Physical geography, migration, political and ethnic struggles
People
Ethnically Slavic
Divided into Slavs, Belarusians, Slovaks
Central Eastern Europe
Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia
North Eastern Europe
Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia
Eastern Europe
Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria

32. Density and Distribution
Influenced by geography
Ukraine and Poland- fertile soil and ample water
Ukraine million people (202 per sq mi)
People live in towns and cities
Soviet end = REBIRTH

33. History and Government
Political, economic, and ethnic struggles have shaped the history and gov’t of Eastern Europe
Early People
Settled in Ukraine and Poland
400s-500s- moved westward
500s- Slavic Czechs to Bohemia
700s- Moravia settled
1400s- Ottoman Empire
Kiev most important settlement
Romania established- b/t the Carpathian Mts. & the Danube River

34. Union, Conflict, and Division
History of power struggles and division
Balkan Peninsula
Balkanization- division of a region into smaller regions that are hostile to each other
1990s- ethnic cleansing- wipe out of one ethnic group by another
Kosovo Crisis

35. A New Age: Eastern Europe
1950s to 1990s
Revolts against communism
Democratically elected governments
Today
Stronger ties to the EU

36. Culture in Eastern Europe
Religious and ethnic conflict have influenced culture
Language and Religion
Slavic- Polish and Czech
Baltic- Latvian and Lithuanian
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Islam
Eastern Orthodoxy

37. Culture: (cont) Education and Healthcare Arts and Leisure Family Life
High literacy rates
Mandatory and free schooling
Arts and Leisure
Folk and classical music
Literature- works of Franz Kafka
Family Life
Extended family
Winter sports and swimming
Anything indoors (cold winters)