1. The Periodic Table:
An Introduction

2. Invention of the Periodic Table
Elements vary widely in their properties, but some elements have similarities in their properties.
The first to notice that these properties varied in a regular pattern was John Newlands.
He arranged the first 16 elements known at the time (except hydrogen) in order of increasing mass and then placed them in two rows.
He noticed that the two sets of elements had similar properties. Because the properties repeated with the eighth element, he called his pattern the law of octaves.

3. John Newland’s octaves
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

4. Mendeleev and the Periodic Table
In 1870, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged all 63 known elements in such a way that:
They were in order of atomic mass.
They were arranged in a table in such a way that elements with similar properties were arranged in vertical columns.
When this was done, the patterns of properties clearly repeated themselves in a periodic fashion.

5. Exceptions to the pattern
Mendeleev had to reverse the order of two elements, tellurium and iodine.
He assumed that the atomic weights were in error.
When isotopes were discovered, it was found that he had correctly placed these elements in the order of their atomic numbers.
Mendeleev also predicted that additional elements would be discovered to fill in gaps that he left to make the properties line up.

7. The Modern Periodic Table

8. Horizontal Rows are called periods.
Vertical columns are called groups.
Groups have similar properties.

9. The elements are divided into three main groups:
Metals
Semi-conductors or metalloids
Nonmetals

10. Metals vs. Nonmetals Metals Nonmetals
are good conductors of electricity.
except for mercury, are solids at room temperature.
Nonmetals
are poor conductors of electricity.
exhibit a wide variety of properties.
may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.

11. The alkali metals are very reactive, having only one
electron in their outer shells. They tend to be very
soft.

12. The alkaline-earth metals are reactive, but not as reactive as the
alkali metals. They are harder and have higher melting points
than the alkali metals.

13. Transition metals have outer electrons in d orbitals.
They are generally not as reactive as the alkali or
alkaline-earth metals.

14. Semiconductors or metalloids conduct electricity better
than nonmetals but not as well as metals.

15. Halogens are nonmetals which are very reactive
Halogens are nonmetals which are very reactive. They tend to form salts with metals.

16. The noble gases are nonmetals which are very inert, or
unreactive. Their full outer shells account for this property.