1. NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA

2. PIVOTAL LOCATION

3. EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS

4. MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL QUALITIES OF THE REALM Physical Physical Aridity Aridity Oil Oil Cultural Cultural Culture Hearths Culture Hearths World Religions World Religions Conflict Conflict

5. MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL QUALITIES OF THE REALM (cont) Population Population Discontinuous clusters around infrequent water sources Discontinuous clusters around infrequent water sources Regional Imbalances Regional Imbalances Oil and Non-oil states (“haves” versus “have-nots”) Oil and Non-oil states (“haves” versus “have-nots”) Political Geography Political Geography Fragmented due to colonial experience Fragmented due to colonial experience

6. NAMING THE REALM Popular Labels Popular Labels Dry World Dry World Arab World Arab World Islamic World Islamic World Middle East Middle East

7. THE DRY WORLD ? Dry/arid climate prevails throughout the realm Dry/arid climate prevails throughout the realm Exceptions: Exceptions: Peripheral regions of Turkey Peripheral regions of Turkey Northwestern section of Iran Northwestern section of Iran Oases Oases Several great river valleys Several great river valleys

8. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION

9. MITZPE-RAMON E.J. PALKA

10. NEGEV DESERT E.J. PALKA

11. WATER - A RENEWABLE OR FINITE RESOURCE? Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processes. Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processes. 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditions (the most concentrated region of scarcity in the world). 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditions (the most concentrated region of scarcity in the world). The North African states all have rates of natural increase above 1.5%, increasing the stress on water sources. The North African states all have rates of natural increase above 1.5%, increasing the stress on water sources.

12. ISRAEL-SYRIA BORDER E.J. PALKA

13. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION The majority of the population in this realm lives not in the dry arid regions, but around water resources. The majority of the population in this realm lives not in the dry arid regions, but around water resources. - The Nile - Mediterranean Sea - Euphrates and Tigris Basin (Hydraulic Civilization) - Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south of the Caspian Sea

14. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

15. AN ARAB REALM ? Relates to language as a cultural feature of this realm Relates to language as a cultural feature of this realm Arabic is the dominant language in 16 States of the realm. Arabic is the dominant language in 16 States of the realm. In Non-Arab States, indigenous languages dominate. In Non-Arab States, indigenous languages dominate. - Turkey - Turkish - Iran - Farsi - Israel - Hebrew - Niger - French

16. Persians Azerbijianis Kurds Turks Arabs Bakhtiari Lur

17. ISLAMIC REALM? Muhammad (571- 632 AD) Muhammad (571- 632 AD) Five Pillars Of Faith Five Pillars Of Faith Repeated Expressions Of Creed Repeated Expressions Of Creed Frequent Prayer Frequent Prayer Month Of Daytime Fasting Month Of Daytime Fasting Alms-giving Alms-giving Pilgrimage To Mecca Pilgrimage To Mecca Other Key Tenants Other Key Tenants Sunnis vs Shi’ites Sunnis vs Shi’ites

18. DOME OF THE ROCK E.J. PALKA

19. THE WESTERN WALL E.J. PALKA

20. CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY E.J. PALKA

21. THE STAGE FOR ISLAM

22. SPATIAL DIFFUSION The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories Two types Two types -- Relocation diffusion -- Expansion diffusion

23. RELOCATION DIFFUSION Sequential diffusion is a process in which items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas & relocate to new areas. Sequential diffusion is a process in which items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas & relocate to new areas. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.

24. RELOCATION DIFFUSION

26. EXPANSION DIFFUSION The spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination The spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination Two types Two types -- Contagious Expansion -- Hierarchical Expansion

27. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person Analogous to the communication of a contagious disease Analogous to the communication of a contagious disease

28. CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION

31. HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by “trickling down” from larger to smaller adopting units A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by “trickling down” from larger to smaller adopting units An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wider areas, with geographic distance a less important factor. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wider areas, with geographic distance a less important factor.

32. Hierarchy Highest Lowest Intermediate HIERARCHICAL EXPANSION