2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War

3. Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “Fall of the Eagles”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

4. Causes of the War

5. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy

6. Formation of Alliances  Germany wanted to isolate from France so they could not regain Alsace Lorraine  Austria and Russia quarreling over the Balkans  Italy was angry at France for annexing Tunisia  Germany and Russia agreed to remain neutral if attacked. Treaty was dropped 2 years later by the Germans.  Russia and France signed treaty  British join with the French

7. Alliance System  With the formation of both Alliances it became evident that any future conflict would lead to a world wide conflict.

8. Series of Crisis  In Africa a French takeover of Morocco angered the Germans.  In Europe conflicts in the Balkans continued to escalate – Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina instead of allowing Serbians to rule independently – First and Second Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Ottoman Empire lost most European territories to European countries or to the newly created Albania – Armenian Genocide- over 1 million Armenian Christians killed by Muslim Ottomans Ottomans believed Armenians were supporting Russia against the Ottomans

9. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

10. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

11. Europe in 1914

12. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

13. 3. Imperial Rivalries

14. 4. Nationalism

15. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

16. The “ Spark ”

17. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

18. The Assassination: Sarajevo

19. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

20. Who’s To Blame?

21. The Coming of War  The Leader of Austria was assassinated by Serbian Independence Group “The Black Hand”  Austria decides to crush Serbia  Russia declares war on Austria  Germany declares war on Russia, France  Britain declares war on Germany  Japan joined Triple Entente  Ottoman empire joined Central Powers

22. A Multi-Front War

23. The Western Front

25. The Schlieffen Plan

26. Schlieffen Plan  Germans sweep through Belgium, knock out France b/f Russia mobilizes  Held of by British- Trench Warfare begins

27. Trench Warfare

28. “No Man’s Land”

29. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

30. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

31. New Weapons During WWI Invention DescriptionUse in WWI Automatic Machine Gun Rapid steady stream of bullets Few gunners can kill waves of soldiers TankArmored vehicle, all terrain Protected advancing troops, slow, clumsy SubmarineUnderwater ship launch torpedos Destroyed allied ships, brought U.S into war AirplaneProp plane with machine gun First used for observation, later air combat Poison Gas Gas Masks Gasses cause choking, blindness severe pain; masks protect soldiers Lobbed into trenches

32. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

33. French Renault Tank

34. British Tank at Ypres

35. U-Boats

36. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

37. The Zeppelin

38. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

39. Poison Gas Machine Gun

40. German Atrocities in Belgium

41. Recruitment Posters

42. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

43. New French Recruits

44. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

46. Women and the War Effort

47. Financing the War

48. For Recruitment

49. Munitions Workers

50. French Women Factory Workers

51. German Women Factory Workers

52. Working in the Fields

53. A Woman Ambulance Driver

54. Red Cross Nurses

55. Women in the Army Auxiliary

56. Russian Women Soldiers

57. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

58. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

59. Australian Poster

60. American Poster

61. Financing the War

62. German Poster

63. The Eastern Front

64. Eastern Front  Russian lost over 1 million casualties, drop out of war by 1917  Little gained or lost by either side

65. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

66. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

67. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

68. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

69. The Tsar with General Brusilov

70. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

71. Sikh British Soldiers in India

72. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

73. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

74. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

75. America Joins the Allies

76. The Sinking of the Lusitania

77. The Zimmerman Telegram

78. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

79. Americans in the Trenches

80. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

81. “ Art ” of World War I

82. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

83. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

84. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

85. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

86. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

87. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

88. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

89. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

90. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

91. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

92. World War I Casualties

93. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

94. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Turkish Genocide of Armenians (1914 - 1922) Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

95. WWI Ends  WWI ends 11 th hour, of 11 th day, of 11 th month, of 1918  The Big Four – Great Britain –Lloyd George – Italy- Orlando – Clemenceau- France – Wilson- United States  Treaty of Versailles – Germany lost Saar basin, Alsace and Lorraine-France over 27,000 - Germans paid war reparations-32 billion dollars - Germany forced to limit army and forbidden to maintain planes, tanks and naval ships

96. Other Effects of World War I  Formation of New Countries – Poland Recreated, Czechoslovakia created, Yugoslavia Created  LEAGUE OF NATIONS  Formation of an international organization to maintain peace and settle disputes  Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points became basis – Point 1 renounced secret treaties; Point 2 dealt with freedom of the seas; Point 4 advocated arms reductions; Point 5 advocated solving colonial disputes internationally  Weakness – No peace keeping force – Little to no power – Had to rely on boycotts

97. Other Effects of WWI  Woman’s Suffrage – Following Women’s involvement in the War many nations across Europe granted women over 21 the right to vote beginning in 1918