2. Equal Protection?  The Fifth Amendment (1791): Guarantees equal protection under the law by FEDERAL government  Question: Who does this theoretically exempt from the law?

3. A Tyranny of the States  As written, the states do not have to treat you fairly or honor your rights  What is happening in America between 1650- 1863?  Is the federal government responsible?

4. The Crucible of Civil War

5. After the War  The Fourteenth Amendment (1868): Guarantees equal protection under the law by STATE government.  STATES must treat all citizens fairly and equally

6. Plessy vs. Ferguson  Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896):  Separation of the races DOES NOT mean unequal treatment.  This ruling legalizes segregation in the United States for the next 60 years

7. Brown vs. Board of Education  Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)  Separation of the races is inherently unequal  Segregation violates the equal protection clause of the 14 th Amendment  Segregation of schools is ruled unconstitutional  Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed segregation and guaranteed equal protection at all PUBLIC locations.

8. Thoughts on Life  Please respond to the following questions in your Civics notebook:  Why was the Fourteenth Amendment a necessary addition to our Constitution?  Should states be allowed to defy the federal government if they disagree with its laws?