1. Landmark United States Supreme Court Cases U.S. History & the Constitution CP End-of-Course Review

2. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. Court receives approximately 10,000 petitions each year, but Court receives approximately 10,000 petitions each year, but only grants & hears oral argument in about 75-80 cases. only grants & hears oral argument in about 75-80 cases. Over the years, many cases to date have established a new legal Over the years, many cases to date have established a new legal principle, changing the interpretation of an existing law. - Here are 12 EOC specific landmark cases in Supreme Court history. - Here are 12 EOC specific landmark cases in Supreme Court history.

3. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - Case was the result of a petition by William Marbury who was appointed Justice of Peace, but he didn't receive commission. appointed Justice of Peace, but he didn't receive commission. - He petitioned that James Madison should deliver the documents, but the petition was denied. the petition was denied. - Court ruling: formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the U.S. & was the first time in history a court invalidated a law by the U.S. & was the first time in history a court invalidated a law by declaring it unconstitutional. declaring it unconstitutional. - The decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive & judicial branches. separate executive & judicial branches.

4. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) - In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the Second Bank of the United States. the Second Bank of the United States. - James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax. refused to pay the tax. - Court ruling: Congress had the power to incorporate the bank & Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. employed in the execution of constitutional powers. - Chief Justice Marshall said Congress possessed legal powers not explicitly outlined in the Constitution & powers not explicitly outlined in the Constitution & noted that while the states retained the power of noted that while the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution & the laws are supreme. taxation, the constitution & the laws are supreme.

5. - New York state law gave two individuals the right to operate steamboats within state jurisdiction, but required out-of-state boats to pay a fee of navigation rights. - A steamboat owner challenged the monopoly, forcing him to get a special operating permit to navigate on state waters. Court ruling: - Court ruling: New York's licensing requirement was found to be inconsistent with a congressional act, & was invalid by virtue of the Supremacy Clause. - Chief Justice Marshall developed a definition of the word commerce, & gave meaning to the phrase "among the several states" in the Commerce Clause. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

6. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) - Georgia law required whites living on Cherokee Indian territory to obtain a state permit. obtain a state permit. - Seven missionaries were arrested & sentenced to four years hard labor, followed by exile from Georgia for failing to comply. labor, followed by exile from Georgia for failing to comply. - The missionaries stated they didn't seek a state license because they believed their petition would be refused. believed their petition would be refused. - Court ruling: Georgia was not entitled to regulate the Cherokee nor invade their lands = Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political invade their lands = Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political community. community. - President Andrew Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Court decision. Supreme Court decision. - 1838 = Cherokee “Trail of Tears” (Van Buren administration). administration).

7. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) - Dred was a slave from Missouri that lived in Illinois, an area of the Louisiana Territory where slavery was forbidden. Louisiana Territory where slavery was forbidden. - When he returned to Missouri, he sued unsuccessfully for his freedom & claimed his residence in a free territory made him a free man. & claimed his residence in a free territory made him a free man. - Scott's master argued that no one but a citizen of the U.S. could be a citizen of a state & only Congress could discuss national citizenship. citizen of a state & only Congress could discuss national citizenship. - Court ruling: no person who was an American slave was ever a citizen & could not sue in federal court. & could not sue in federal court. - The court also noted that Congress had no right to ban slavery from U.S. territories. to ban slavery from U.S. territories.

8. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Louisiana law required a separate railway car for blacks & whites. - Homer A. Plessy (7/8 Caucasian) was arrested for refusing to move from the "whites only" car to the car reserved for blacks. from the "whites only" car to the car reserved for blacks. - Court ruling: it upheld state-imposed racial segregation, basing their decision on the separate-but-equal doctrine. decision on the separate-but-equal doctrine. - Separate facilities satisfied the 14 th Amendment as long as they were equal. equal. - Court conceded the 14th Amendment was intended to establish absolute equality for the races before the law, but segregation itself absolute equality for the races before the law, but segregation itself doesn't constitute unlawful discrimination. doesn't constitute unlawful discrimination. - By defending the constitutionality of racial segregation, the case paved the way for the segregation, the case paved the way for the Jim Crow laws of the South. Jim Crow laws of the South.

9. - During WWI, Schneck circulated pamphlets telling men to avoid the draft. draft. - The pamphlets were seen as being harmful to the gov’t. - Schneck said he was able to distribute pamphlets thanks to the 1 st amendment. 1 st amendment. - Court ruling: Schneck’s freedom of speech was not protected during time of war b/c it could have been harmful to the US. during time of war b/c it could have been harmful to the US. Schneck v. United States (1919)

10. Korematsu v. United States (1944) - World War II: Japanese Americans were compelled to move into relocation camps. relocation camps. - Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American man, decided to stay in San Leandro, California & knowingly violated U.S. Army exclusion orders. Leandro, California & knowingly violated U.S. Army exclusion orders. - He argued that the executive exclusion order was unconstitutional & it violated the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. it violated the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. - He was arrested & convicted. - No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the U.S. - Court Ruling: Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, & the Supreme Court Court sided with the government, ruling that the Supreme Court Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional. exclusion order was constitutional.

11. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) - Public schools attended by white children denied admission of black children, citing laws permitting segregation according to race. children, citing laws permitting segregation according to race. - Schools approached equality through buildings, curricula, qualifications, & teacher salaries. qualifications, & teacher salaries. - Court ruling: invalidated racial segregation in schools, & ultimately led to the unraveling of de jure segregation in all areas of public life. led to the unraveling of de jure segregation in all areas of public life. - Court declared separate but equal had no place in public education, citing there were signs of inferiority. citing there were signs of inferiority.

12. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - Gideon was charged in a Florida state court for breaking & entering, but couldn't afford a lawyer. - The court refused to appoint an attorney, citing they were only obligated to do so in capital cases. - Court Ruling: court overturned Gideon's conviction, noting the state's denial to appoint an attorney violated the 14th Amendment's due process clause.

13. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Ernesto Miranda was arrested in connection to the kidnapping & rape - Ernesto Miranda was arrested in connection to the kidnapping & rape of an 18-year-old woman. of an 18-year-old woman. - After 2 hours of interrogation, Miranda signed a confession, but was never told of his right to counsel, nor of his right to remain silent was never told of his right to counsel, nor of his right to remain silent or his statements could be used against him. or his statements could be used against him. - At trial, Miranda's attorney noted the confession wasn't voluntary & should be excluded. should be excluded. - An appeal was filed; the AZ Supreme Court that that Miranda didn't request an attorney. request an attorney. - Court ruling: prosecutors couldn't use statements stemming from interrogation of defendants unless they secure the privilege against interrogation of defendants unless they secure the privilege against self-incrimination. self-incrimination. - The court outlined the necessary actions of police warnings to suspects, which are known police warnings to suspects, which are known today as the Miranda Rights. today as the Miranda Rights.

14. - Texas resident Norma McCorvey discovered she was pregnant with her third child & was advised to claim she was raped. her third child & was advised to claim she was raped. - The plan failed; she attempted to obtain an illegal abortion, but found the unauthorized site was closed down by police. found the unauthorized site was closed down by police. - McCorvey's attorneys filed suit on her behalf & Attorney Henry Wade represented the State of Texas. represented the State of Texas. - The district ruled in favor of McCorvey, & the case ultimately legalized abortion. legalized abortion. - Court Ruling: a woman has the right to an abortion without government interference during the first without government interference during the first trimester, but states can intervene in the second trimester, but states can intervene in the second & third trimesters of pregnancy. & third trimesters of pregnancy. Roe v. Wade (1973)