2. 1914-1929: World War One and the Age of Anxiety

3. Causes of the War

4. The Fay Thesis v. The Fischer Thesis  The Fay Thesis – General pre-war conditions in Europe provided the kindling that was lit by the assassination of Archdukes in 1914 – Austria pulled Germany into the war  The Fischer Thesis – Germany was solely responsible for the War – Pushed Austria into war

5. 1. The Alliance System Allied Powers: Central Powers:

6. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

7. Europe in 1914

8. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 A. Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

9. B. The Anglo-German Naval Crisis, 1904

10. C. Germany’s Weapon Development 1870-1914

11. Krupp’s Big Bertha

12. The Rail Gun

13. French Renault Tank

14. U-Boats

15. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

16. The Zeppelin

17. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

18. Poison Gas Machine Gun

19. D. The Schlieffen Plan, 1905  The Plan  Attack France first, then move into Russia

20. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

21. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

22. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

23. “ The Spark”

24. The Assassination: Sarajevo

25. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

26. Who’s To Blame?

27. The July Crisis  How do we go from an assassination to a declaration of war?  Austria sees an opportunity to wage war against Serbia  Kaiser Wilhelm II sends a ‘Blank Cheque’ to Austria-Hungary  The “Willy-Nicky” Telegrams  Austria sends an ultimatum to Serbia – it is ignored and thus WWI begins

28. The War Begins  August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France and England declares war on Germany  August 6: Austria Hungary declares war on Russia

29. The Battles: 1914- 1917

30.  Watch BBC “First World War” chapters on the Invasion of Belgium and the Battle of the Marne

31. The Battles of 1914  Invasion of Belgium, August 4, 1914  First Marne, September 5-12, 1914  The First Battle of Ypres, October- November, 1914  From mobilization to Total War

33. The Western Front

35. Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

36. Strategic Battles 1914-1915  Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

37. German U-Boats attacks  Declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain  Feel the war will end if they practice unrestricted submarine warfare  May 7, 1915: sinking of the Lusitania  August 30, 1915: Germany sinks U.S. ships without warning

38. Battles Continue  Second Battle of Ypres  The Treaty of London

39. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

40. The Battle of Jutland  The Battle of Jutland  German air raids on Britain continue

41. The Somme – July, 1916  60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.  Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.  60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.  Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

42. The Eastern Front

43. Tannenberg, 1914  August 1914  Russian offensive  German win

44. Tannenberg Russia Strategy  2 pronged attack  Hope to surround Germans Outcome  Russian initial victory creates over-confidence  Germans divide into 4 sub-groups and spread out  Result: Russians confused, surrounded, and suffer devastating losses

45. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

46. Why Gallipoli 1.Britain wants to get supplies to Russia 2.Support Allies 1. Serbia & Greece 3.Strategic Location 1. Could gain control of the Mediterranean Sea 2. Get links to small areas in Eastern Europe 4.Desire to get some movement & eliminate stalemate

47. Results  Difficult to invade because geography of the area – mountainous and swift currents  Britain places Winston Churchill  After two failed naval attempts, British attempt to invade by land.  After 8 months of fighting, campaign turns out to be a failure: – Faulty intelligence at the beginning – Badly mismanaged landings during land invasions, – Suffered heavy casualties – Moved too slowly during the campaign  Proved to be the biggest win for the Central Powers.

48. Map of Turkey and Armenia

49. Armenian Genocide 1915-1916  Ottoman Turks and Russians are fighting with Armenia in between  Reasons for the genocide  Facts about the genocide  Britain tried to oust the Ottomans, but were unsuccessful  Aftermath

50. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

51. Selling the War The Home Front 1914-1917

52.  Changing city names  Battle of the Somme, 1916  Propaganda Posters  The Concept of Total War

53. Recruitment Posters

55. Dehumanizing the Enemy

56. Financing the War

57. Sacrifice

58. Women and the War Effort

59. For Recruitment

60. Munitions Workers

61. German Women Factory Workers

62. French Women Factory Workers

63. Medical Field

64. Support System at Home

65. Spies  Mata Hari

66. Impact on Society of the Total War  A tremendous demand for workers leads to a booming economy  Rise of acceptance of socialism  Changing attitudes towards women

67. The Widening War and the Final Battles of WWI (1917- 1918)

68. The Widening War  Fighting spreads to:  Africa – Countries are fighting with each other in Africa – British and French colonies are capturing German colonies  Asia – Japanese ally with Britain and help grab German colonies in the Pacific

69.  Eastern Europe – Romania joins the Allied side  The United States – Entered the war in April 1917

70. Key Battles of 1917  Battle of Passchendale – July 1917  Battle of Cambrai - November 1917

71. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

72. The Collapse of the Central Powers  Eastern Front  1. Jerusalem falls to the British in 1917  2. Allied forces in Africa push through Greece and break through the Austrian border  Western Front  1. Second Marne – July 1918  2. German troops rebel and sailors mutiny in October 1918

73.  Austria Hungary surrenders on November 3, 1918  Armistice declared 11/11/1918

74. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

75. The End of the War and the Treaty of Versailles

76. Revolutions at the end of the war  The Russian Revolution  The German Revolution  The Hungarian Revolution  The Austrian Revolution

77. The Fourteen Points  Wilson’s plan for peace  Why did this fail?

78. League of Nations  League of Nations – Wilson’s 14 th point – Guide the world towards disarmament – The United States did not join – Germany and Russia were excluded

79. The Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920  Discussions begin January 1919 for the Peace Treaty  The “Big Four” – France – England – Italy – United States

80. The Treaty of Versailles  Centerpiece of the Treaty of Paris  What does each country want from the Treaty?

81. Other Peace Agreements  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918  Britain and the Ottomans

82. What does WWI mean for Europe?  1. Financial Collapse

83. 2. Massive Population Loss

84. 3. Psychological Effects  Disillusionment  The “Age of Anxiety”

85. 4. Mass Territorial Changes

86. 5. Loss of Colonies

87. 6. Disgruntled German State  Territory Lost  Financial Ruin  “Stabbed in the back”

88. 7. Rise of Dictators  A vulnerable public = easy target  Extreme nationalism