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Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...

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1 Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...

2 Polypteriformes Primitive Traits Unique Traits Ganoid Scales
Lung-like gas bladder –gulp air & survive in low O2 Spiracle Spiral Valve Heterocercal Tail Unique Traits “Lobed” Fins – coelocanths or lungfishes Dorsal fins – 5 – 18 separate dorsal fins Restricted to Africa; aquarium fish; “birchirs”

3 Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??

4 Polypteriformes- lungfish

5 Birchir

6 Acipenseriformes: Cartilaginous skeletons lacking central vertebral
Strongly heterocercal tail Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic fins Spiracle present in some species Conus arteriosus with multiple valves Spiral valve present in intestine

7 Acipenseriformes: Sturgeons: Bony scutes Sensory barbels
Mostly freshwater —few marine and anadromous Prized for eggs = cavier Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia Stock collapsing (Asian) Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon Very fecund; mature at a late age

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10 Acipenseriformes: Paddlefish: American: “Spoonbill cat”
Lack bony scutes; long rostrum 2 genera : American (Polyodon spathula) Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius) American: “Spoonbill cat” Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers Up to 2m long; 75 kg Rostrum: electrosensory function? -- rooting through sediment?

11 Acipenseriformes: Paddlefish: Chinese (Psepherus gladius) :
Yangtze River system Smaller rostrum Presumed piscivorous Danger of extinction: Dam construction overfishing

12 Semionotiformes: Gars
Thick ganoid scales Bony head and snout Long jaws with strong sharp teeth Spiral valve intestine Gas bladder divided internally Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

13 Semionotiformes: Gars
Primitive predators N. America 1 species in Cuba All but one freshwater Alligator gar occasionally enters SW Gas bladder divided internally Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

14 Order Ammiiformes One species, the bowfin (Amia calva)
Heterocercal tail Rudimentary spiral valve intestine Cycloid scales Physostomous gas bladder

15 Order Ammiformes Bowfin: Predatory species
Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth) Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters Males build and defend nests Defends young until they are 10 cm long Edible? …depends!

16 Not as primative, but still “old”

17 Division Teleostei Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present)
Lack of spiral valve intestine three or four lower jaw bones per side

18 Primitive vs. Advanced Traits

19 Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)

20 Division Teleostei Divided into 4 groups:
Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues, mooneyes Elopomorpha – tarpons and eels Clupeomorpha – herrings Euteleostei – everything else

21 Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha
Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and South America Have enhanced electrosensory abilities Some used as food & some angling Mostly aquarium species Examples: Arawanas – popular aquarium fish Mooneye – herring-like fish from the Great Lakes Region. Some value as sport and food fish

22 Arawana

23 Mooneye Hiodon tergisus

24 Subdivision Elopomorpha
Characterized by leptocephalus larva Long and laterally compressed Evidence of phylogenetic affinity with eels Order Elopiformes Order Anguiliformes Suborder Anguilloidei Suborder Muranoidei Suborder Congroidei Order Saccopharyngiformes

25 Elopamorpha O. Elopiformes – tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish
important recreational species No market for meat Sought for large size and active fighting habits

26 Elopamorpha Order Anguilliformes – eels 20 families of eels
Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae Pectoral fins reduced in size Pelvic fins absent Scales: reduced in size or absent

27 Elopamorpha Suborder Anguilloidei
American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla) Catadromous – spawn in SW, mature in FW American and European eels: Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic Leptocephali drift with current Transform into threadlike elvers Ascend rivers and spend several years there maturing

28 Elopamorpha Suborder Muraenoidei Moray eels of tropical oceans
Lack pectoral fins Some have venomous bite

29 Elopamorpha Suborder Congroidei Large group of marine eels
Some used for food

30 Elopamorpha Order Saccopharyngiformes – eels
Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes Includes: Gulper eels Snipe eels

31 Subdivision Clupeomorpha
Herrings and anchovies Important food fishes Silvery, compressiform fishes Large silvery scales

32 Subdivision Clupeomorpha
Soft rays only Large easily shed cycloid scales Bony scutes on ventral and sometimes dorsal surfaces Gas bladder extends anterior into the skull (otophystic) Helps transmit low frequency sounds to the ear

33 Subdivision Clupeomorpha
Order Clupeiformes Mostly marine planktivores - some freshwater, anadromous, and predatory forms Extremely high biomass Important role in food chain - gizzard and threadfin shad typically stocked as a forage base for pike and largemouth bass,

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35 Order Clupeiformes Large scale fisheries exist for marine species
Some consumed by humans Used in animal feeds and fertilizers Population dependent on plankton abundance which is dictated by ocean circulation Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water Nutrients phytoplankton bloom zooplankton anchovies El Niño

36 Subdivision Euteleostei
Encompasses all remaining fish Large assemblage of fishes Possess more advanced characteristics

37 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Possess “Webberian Apparatus” - modified anterior vertebrae and special bony connections between gas bladder and ear Contains: - minnows - suckers - tetras - catfishes

38 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Gonorhynchiformes Order Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidae Family Catastomidae Order Characiformes Order Siluriformes Order Gymnotiformes

39 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Gonorhynchiformes milkfish (Chanos chanos) Important aquaculture species in SE Asia Raised in earthen ponds Important source of animal protein

40 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Cypriniformes: Family Cyprinidae: - Jaw Teeth Absent - Adipose Fin Absent - Barbels Present - N. America and Eurasia - Base forage

41 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Cypriniformes: Family Cyprinidae: Grass Carp: Introduced species Herbivore Eradicates vegetation Illegal to stock or sell diploids Triploids acceptable

42 3. a. Name this fish__________________ b
3. a. Name this fish__________________ b. What is the order this fish belongs too? ______________

43 a. Name the fish:. b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c
a. Name the fish: b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c. Why is this fish important?

44 5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? ______

45 3. a. Common carp b. What is the order this fish belongs too
3. a. Common carp b. What is the order this fish belongs too? Cypriniformes

46 a. Name the fish:Channel Catfish b
a. Name the fish:Channel Catfish b. Genus: Ictalurus species: punctatus c. Why is this fish important? Food!

47 5. What family (order) of fish are represented here
5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? Cyprinidae (cypriniformes)

48 Cyprinidae; Minnows

49 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Cypriniformes: Family Catastomidae: suckers Fleshy protrusible lips White and spotted suckers Buffalo fishes Redhorses Quillbacks carpsuckers

50 Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Characiformes: - Jaw Teeth Present - Adipose Fin Present - Barbels Absent - S. America, C. America, and Africa

51 Charachidae: Tetras

52 Siluriformes Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or body
Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on maxillary Many have venomous “spines” composed of fused soft rays - venom gland at base of spine

53 Siluriformes Well developed sensory barbels Usually an adipose fin
Found on all continents except Antartica Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish) Greatest diversity in S. America Important food source Important game and aquarium fishes

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56 Gymnotiformes Unusual electrical fishes South and Central America
Elongated bodies and small eyes Sometimes called S. American knifefishes Modified muscle tissue for production of electrical fields Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts)

57 Class Osteichthyes Infradivision: Euteleostei
CHAPTER 18 Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes Class Osteichthyes Infradivision: Euteleostei True teleosts

58 Suberorder: Ostariophysi
6500 species Dominant freshwater fishes Some of most important aquaculture species

59 Suberorder: Ostariophysi
Six Characteristics of group Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released into water when fish is injured Swimbladder is present and usually has two chambers Unculi present: small unicellular projections on body that may provide rough surface for clinging or scraping Breeding tubercles well developed Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for suction feeding Pelvic fins abdominal in position

60 Order: Gonorynchiformes
Toothless mouths Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for breaking up ingested food

61 Family Chanidae Milkfish Marine and brackish water species
One of most important food fishes of Southeast Asia Adults to 1.8 m Silvery sides Deeply forked tails

62 Milkfish Chanos chanos

63 Order Cypriniformes Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and Eurasia 2700 species Most possess protractile mouths without teeth Most posses pharyngeal teeth Heads lack scales (with few exceptions) All lack adipose fins

64 Family Cyprinidae Minnow or Carp family
Largest family of fishes Includes: Minnows Danios Rasabora Barbs Goldfish Koi Loaches Ornamental sharks carps

65 Cyprinidae Largest family of fishes More than 2,000 species
The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of the world, and include cold water types as well as those of tropical waters. Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth Most have soft fin rays; however, modified into spines in common carp and goldfish

66 Cyprinidae Some Images

67 Notropis hypselopterus
Sailfin shiner Notropis hypselopterus

68 Flagfin shiner Notropis signipinnis

69 Taillight shiner Notropis maculatus

70 Bluenose shiner Notripis welaka

71 Blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta

72 Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae
Pugnose shiner Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae

73 Notemigonus crysoleucas
Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas

74 Rosyface shiner Notropis rubellus

75 Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum

76 Rosy barb Puntius conchonius
Asia

77 Sumatra barb Puntius tetrazona
Southeast Asia

78 Pearl danio Brachydanio albolineatus
Asia

79 Zebra danio Danio rerio
Asia

80 White cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes
China, Vietnam

81 Three-lined rasbora Rasbora trilineata
East Asia

82 Goldfish Carassius auratus auratus
Central Asia and China

83 Common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio
Throughout Europe and Asia

84 Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella
Asis, former USSR, China

85 Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Asia, China, and eastern Siberia

86 Red-Finned Shark Epalzeorhynchus frenatus
Southeast Asia

87 Family Catastomidae Suckers
Mainly North American 68 species Most live in streams Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths

88 Sonora sucker Catostomus insignis
Western United States

89 Family Cobitidae Loaches, Botia
Found mostly in streams of Eurasia 160 species Popular aquarium fishes All have subterminal mouths

90 Clown loach Botia macracanthus
Sumatra, Borneo

91 Order Characiformes Mexico, Central and South America; 1,350 species
Africa; 200 species In South America charicins (and catfish) totally dominate fish fauna Presently 18 families, but will change Most are diurnal predators with large eyes No eyes in some cave dwellers

92 African Characins Four families More than 200 species
Some have specialized jaws for snipping off shunks of fins of other fishes Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in Characidae - same family as S. American tetras. These are sold in the aquarium trade Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes

93 Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish
Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba, and Lake Tanganyika

94 Characidae South and Central America Approximately 700 species
One species in N. America All have good sets of jaw teeth Variety of feeding habits found Some species feed largely on scales of other fishes

95 Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin
Serrasalmus manueli Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin

96 Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha
Orinoco Basin

97 Colossoma macropomum Tambaqui
Amazon and Orinoco Basins

98 Colossoma teeth

99 Lie and wait predators; Brazil
Acestrohynchidae Lie and wait predators; Brazil

100 Ctenoluciidae Pike-characids
Lie and wait predator: S. America

101 Brazil, northern S. America
Cynodontidae Brazil, northern S. America

102 Gasteropelecidae hatchetfishes
South America

103 Anostomidae Headstanders
Herbivores or detritivores; S. America

104 Siluriformes Catfishes
Active after dark 2400 species 1- 4 pairs of barbels Adipose fin No scales but may have armored plates Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal fins Pectoral spines lock out Have Weberian apparatus

105 Callichthyidae Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally
Protected with bony plates and spines Often live in stagnant water Able to swallow air and absorb in highly vascularized portion of hind gut Found in S. America and Panama

106 Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus

107 Flagtail catfish Dianema urostriatum

108 Doradidae Thorny catfishes
Found in South America

109 Megalodoras uranoscopus

110 Raphael catfish Platydoras costatus

111 Ripsaw catfish Oxydoras niger

112 Mochokidae Upside-down catfish
All from Africa

113 Siluridae Glass catfish and sheatfishes
Ghost Catfish Kryptopterus minor; SE Asia

114 Family Loricariidae Armored catfishes
Also called suckermouth catfishes Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from bottom in streams Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast water Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America

115 Acanthicus adonis

116 Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus

117 Chocolate-colored catfish Rineloricaria lanceolata

118 Ariidae Hardhead and gafftopsail catfish
Feed on benthic inverts Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral spines and vibration of swimbladder Males incubate eggs in mouth Primarily marine

119 Gafftopsail sea catfish Bagre marinus

120 Clariidae Walking catfish Air breathing
“Walk” using pectoral fins and swinging from side to side Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in Florida

121 African catfish Clarias gariepinus

122 Walking catfish Clarius batrachus

123 Ictaluridae North American catfishes
Scaleless Usually dark in color Large flattened heads 8 barbels High degree of parental care; build nests and guard eggs and young Channel catfish #1 aquaculture foodfish in United States

124 Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

125 Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

126 Shark catfishes Pangasiidae
Endemic to Mekong Basin Rare because of overexploitation aquaculture species

127 Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas
Max. recorded weight, 350kg

128 CHAPTER 19 Smelt, Salmon, and Pike
Class – Osteichthyes Subclass – Actinopterygii Subdivision – Teleostei Infradivision – Euteleostei Superorder - Protacanthopterygii

129 Superorder Protacanthopterygii
This group supposed to contain the presumed ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the world’s oceans Contains 310 species in 3 orders Lack spines Many have adipose fins Species in fresh and marine environments

130 Order Argentiniformes
Contains more than 160 species from 7 families All small fishes with large eyes Live in deep sea environments All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for grinding up small prey. Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth gill arch

131 Order Argentiniformes (con’t)
Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where they interdigitate to break up food particles

132 Family argentinidae Herring smelts
Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

133 Bathylagidae Deep sea smelts

134 Microstomatidae Curious wormfish Gunnellichthys curiosus
Microstomatidae Curious wormfish Gunnellichthys curiosus

135 Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora

136 Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens

137 Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides

138 Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica

139 Opisthoproctidae barreleyes

140 Liptochilichthyidae Deep sea

141 Alepocephalidae slickheads

142 Platytroctidae tubeshoulders

143 Order Salmoniformes Smelts and salmonids Mostly cold water
Most can easily move between fresh and salt water Smelts and salmonids distantly related

144 Suborder Osmeroidei Small elongate fishes Prey on small invertebrates
Frequently found in large numbers Favored food fishes Include: Northern smelts Noodlefishes Southern smelts

145 Northern smelts Includes Osmeridae (true smelts)
Approximately only 13 species Generally small (< 20cm) However, can be enormously abundant in coastal areas of northern hemisphere All are excellent food They eat zooplankton and small fish

146 Atlantic rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax mordax

147 Salangidae noodlefishes or icefishes
11 species Abundant Important fisheries Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent because of poorly ossified skeleton

148 Southern smelts Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New Zealand
Small, trout-like fishes Include Galaxiidae Retropinnidae Lepidogalixiidae

149 Galaxiidae Occur in freshwater on all the southern continents except Antartica Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics or planktonic , marine larvae

150 Inanga Galaxias maculatus
Chile

151 Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis
New Zealand

152 Retropinnidae New Zealand smelts
Cucumberfish Retropinna retropinna New Zealand

153 Lepidogalaxiidae salamander fishes
Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Only found in southwest corner of Australia in pools and streams

154 Suborder Salmonoidei One family: Salmonidae Approximately 70 species
Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes of North America and Eurasia Most species anadromous Three subfamilies Salmon and trout Graylings Whitefishes

155 Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch
Salmon and trout Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch 

156 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Salmon and trout Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

157 Salmon and trout Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

158 Salmon and trout Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

159 Salmon and trout Brown trout Salmo trutta fario

160 Salvelinus fontinalis
Salmon and trout Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

161 Thymallus arcticus arcticus
Graylings Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus arcticus

162 whitefishes Common whitefish Coregonus lavaretus

163 Order Esociformes 10 species All freshwater
Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia Lie and wait predators 2 families Esocidae (pikes) can be large Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small

164 Esocidae (pikes; 5 species)
Northeren pike Esox lucius

165 Chain pickerel Esox niger
Pikes Chain pickerel Esox niger

166 Pikes Muskellunge Esox masquinongy

167 Umbridae (Mudminnows; 5 species)
Central mudminnow Umbra limi 

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169

170

171 5. a and b

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