2. The World at War - WWI: 1914-1918 The World at War - WWI: 1914-1918

3. Causes of the War

4. 1. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s (pounds). 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

5. 2. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Britain, France and Russia Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary

6. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

7. Europe in 1914

8. 3. Imperialism

9. 4. Nationalism!!!

10. The “ Spark ”

11. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe Brinkmanship – the practice of threatening to go to war to achieve one’s goals Conscription – a military draft Mobilization – the process of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.

13. The Assassination: Sarajevo (in Bosnia)

14. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

16. Who’s To Blame?

18. Women and the Home Front

19. Financing the War

20. For Recruitment

21. Munitions Workers

22. French Women Factory Workers

23. Red Cross Nurses

24. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margaretha Gertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margaretha Gertruide Zelle e German Spy!

25. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

26.  In order to ensure that enough was produced for the war, governments increased their powers, even taking over industries  Free speech was curtailed to prevent dissention that could harm war effort  Used propaganda to sway public opinion Governments Increase Powers

27. German Atrocities in Belgium Britain Joins the War

28. Recruitment Posters (Propaganda)

29. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

30. New French Recruits

31. Australian Poster

32. American Poster

33. Financing the War

34. The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”

35. The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan

36. A 2 War Front War *Germany had to fight from both the East (Russia) & West (France)

37. The Western Front Trench Warfare – fighting from ditches, protected by barbed wire, led to stalemate War of attrition – a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attack and heavy losses.

38. Trench Warfare

39. “No Man’s Land” = the area of land between your trench and the enemy trench

40. The Eastern Front

42.  Russia experienced a revolution in 1917 and quits the war, signing the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk Russia Drops Out

43. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

44.  Other than Europe, the Middle East saw the biggest battles as the Ottomans (Turks) fought Britain, Russia, and France The Middle East

45. Hussein-McMahon Correspondence  G.B. promised the land of Palestine to Arabs if they helped fight the Ottomans Balfour Declaration  Jews promised a homeland in Palestine if they helped the Allies fight The Middle East – A Dual Promise

46. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

47. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19 Arabs Left Out at Versailles

50. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

52.  Major reason Allies fighting war was nationalism, and to gain independence for eastern Europe  So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts of world thought that in return for their assistance they would gain independence  This did not happen Fighting in Africa

53. Fighting in Asia

54.  Japan had alliance with Britain, so entered WW1 on side of Allies  Japan able to take more land (especially from China) during the war  Following the war, Japan was mostly ignored at the peace conference  The Japanese were angry and continued to expand Japan’s Continued Rise

55. America Joins the Allies

56. Neutrality Helps  As Europe became embroiled in war, the U.S. benefitted economically  Sold war supplies and, along with Japan, became major exporter, replacing Europeans in many parts of world  This would remain after the war

57. The Sinking of the Lusitania

58. The Zimmerman Telegram

59. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

60. Americans in the Trenches

61. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

62. French Renault Tank

63. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

64. U-Boats

65. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

66. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

67. Curtis-Martin U.S. Aircraft Plant

68. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

69. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

70. Poison Gas Machine Gun

71. The End of World War I

72. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed! End of WWI

73. Versailles  Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and disarmament  Leads to social and economic problems in Germany  Wilson’s self-determination not granted around the world, only eastern Europe (see map)see map  Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)

75. League of Nations

77. World War I Casualties

78. 15,000,000 Dead from WWI 15,000,000 Dead from WWI Another 20 million wounded Another 20 million wounded

79. The Somme American Cemetery, France 116,516 Americans Died America becomes Isolationist 116,516 Americans Died America becomes Isolationist