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Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
Chapter 24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Chapter Objectives: Define aquatic biodiversity Determine its economic and ecological importance Determine the role of human impacts on biodiversity Determine ways to protect and sustain diversity
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A. Patterns of Marine Biodiversity
3 most diverse regions of the oceans: Reefs, Estuaries, and Ocean floor Diversity is higher near the coasts Diversity increases moving south to the equator
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Cobia Hogfish Kelp Carrageen Pacific sailfish Moray Yellow jack Red snapper Red algae Batfish Bladder kelp Striped drum Angelfish Chinook salmon Sea lettuce Orange roughy Devilfish Porcupine fish Great barracuda Laminaria Sockeye salmon Grouper Chilean sea bass Dulse
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Brook trout White waterlily Bluegill White bass Bulrush Muskellunge Rainbow trout Rainbow darter Water lettuce Bowfish Water hyacinth Bladderwort Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon Yellow perch Velvet cichlid American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass Longnose gar Duckweed Common piranha Carp Egyptian white lotus Channel catfish African lungfish
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B. Environmental and Ecological Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity
Climate moderation Nutrient recycling Waste dilution Habitat Reduced storm impact Food Drugs Recreation Employment Natural resources * Only 4% of total federal budget used in aquatic research
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Economic Value of Marine Resources
$22.5 trillion/yr Sea Weed is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics ($400 million/yr) Many Species have anticancer properties
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Sea Weed and Octopus treat Hypertension
Bone Reconstruction from coral Chemicals from Sponges fight Herpes Barnacles produce binding adhesive for tooth fillings
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C. Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
1.) Species Loss and Endangerment Overfishing Habitat Destruction Pollution 1/3 of all fish species are threatened with extinction
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2. Marine Habitat Loss and Degradation
½ of the worlds coastal wetlands have been destroyed
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½ of the worlds mangroves have disappeared
70% of beaches have serious erosion problems Dredging destroys bottom habitats
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3. Freshwater Habitat Loss and Degradation
60% of the worlds rivers are strongly fragmented by dams
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4. Overfishing 60% of the worlds commercially valuable fish are fished to the limit or beyond Overfishing leads to Commercial Extinction Unravels food chains Extinction of unintentionally caught species (Sea Turtles and Dolphins)
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Global freshwater 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Mean trophic level 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year
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Freshwater Species at Risk
<5% 20–29.9% Species at risk 5–9.9% > 30% Fig. 24.6, p. 634 10–19.9%
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5. Nonnative Species Species deliberately or accidentally introduced
Examples: Asian Swamp Eel Zebra Mussels Asian Carp Snakehead
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Asian Carp Snakehead Fish
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6. Pollution 7. Global Warming
Oil Acid Oxygen demanding wastes Toxic Chemicals (Cyanide and DDT) Coastal development Sedimentation 7. Global Warming Alters migration patterns Destroys Coral Reefs Raise water levels
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Pollution of Oceans
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Pollution of Freshwater
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D. Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity
Why is it difficult to protect marine biodiversity? Much of the damage is not visible Most of the ocean is outside the jurisdiction of an one nation No effective international agreements
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How can we protect and sustain Biodiversity?
Protect endangered and threatened species Establish protected areas Regulate and prevent ocean pollution Manage marine fisheries
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Problems for the Sea Turtles…
3 out of 8 major turtle species are endangered Due to… Loss or degradation of habitat Legal and illegal taking of eggs Increased use for food, pharmaceuticals and jewelry Unintentional capture
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Bowhead whale Bowhead whale Humpback whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Saimaa seal Fin whale Hawksbill turtle Mediterranean monk seal Kemp's ridley turtle Japanese sea lion Hawksbill turtle Fin whale Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Olive ridley turtle Leatherback turtle Olive ridley turtle Hawaiian monk seal Green turtle Olive ridley turtle Green turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Humpback whale Green turtle Hawksbill turtle Green turtle Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle Humpback whale Leatherback turtle Fin whale Fin whale Seal Fig , p. 637
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A Mammal Pushed to Extinction due to fishing By-Catch
One of the last known baiji, photographed in captivity before its death in Nobody eats baiji, but it became a bycatch of other fishing.
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Major Species of Sea Turtles
Hawksbill 89 centimeters Olive ridley 76 centimeters Australian flatback 99 centimeters Loggerhead 119 centimeters Black turtle 99 centimeters Green turtle 124 centimeters Leatherback 188 centimeters Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters Fig , p. 638
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Turtle Exclusion Devices (TED)
Until recently 55,000 turtles were killed a year by shrimp trawling US Government requires shrimp trawlers to use TED
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TED allows shrimp to be captured while letting the Turtles pass through a trap door.
Shrimp trawler Area enlarged right Fig , p. 640
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SHARK FINNING
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Humans Kill 100 million sharks a year by finning
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Many are killed to make Shark-Fin Soup
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Whaling
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Whaling: Easy to Kill: Large size and the need to get to the surface to breathe Fast ships, harpoon guns, inflation lances and explosives.
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Whaling
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The Peril of the Blue Whale
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IWC (International Whaling Commission)
Set annual quotas Had no power to enforce the regulations USA stopped whaling in 1970 Japan, Norway, Iceland and Russia are attempting to overthrow the IWC and CITES Treaty
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National and International Laws to Protect Marine Species…
*CITES Treaty: 1975 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species Protects endangered species by a series of permits Includes plants or animals, Dead or alive.
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Examples of Other Laws and Treaties
1979 Global Treaty on Migratory Species 1972 US Marine Mammal Protection Act 1973 US Endangered Species Act 1976 US Whale Conservation and Protection Act 1995 International Convention on Biological Diversity
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Mineral and oil exploration
B. Establish protected areas Antarctica: 1991 Ban on… Mineral and oil exploration Wildlife protection, marine pollution and environmental monitoring Oceans around Antarctica are not covered
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Other Areas of Concern…
United Nations wants to establish the following regions Black Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea South Pacific
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Integrated Coastal Management
Community-based attempt to use resources in sustainable manner Fishers, Scientists, business, politicians Identify shared problems and and establish goals Agree to workable and cost-effective solutions that preserve biodiversity.
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Chesapeake Bay
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Reclaiming an Industrial Site on Lake Michigan (SHOW VIDEO – Video Downloads folder)
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Beach Erosion 70% of the worlds beaches are eroding due to natural and human causes Main problem is rising sea levels due to climate increases Since 1965 the U.S. has spent over $4 billion on replenishing beaches
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Tsunami
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Engineered Methods to Reduce Beach Erosion
Only temporary solutions Many ecologists oppose these methods It is felt that some of these methods increase the problem
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Groin Current -Structures that extend into water, help to trap sand from the current. -Accumulate sand on upper side, but it is decreased on lower side
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Seawall -Barrier in front of property
-Increase wave energy/erosion to the sides and front of wall
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Importing Sand -Sand brought in from offshore dredging
-Very disruptive to aquatic biodiversity and very expensive
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Standpipe Pump Discharge pipe Drain pipe Drainage system -Water soaks through sand into pipes that allow it to be pumped back in the ocean. -Expensive and still in testing stages
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Water curtain Sand carried back to shore Beachsaver module Beachsaver module -Placed offshore to channel water upward and to block sand loss -Expensive and still being tested
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Proponents feel its necessary to stimulate the economy
Insuring the Coasts Proponents feel its necessary to stimulate the economy Some feel that gov’t susidized coastal flood insurance should be eliminated Individuals should pay if they choose to live in the high risk zones Ban wetland destructions
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Moving The Lighthouse
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Regulating and preventing Ocean pollution
-Industrial waste dumping off U.S. coasts has stopped -London Dumping Convention of 1972 -1983 permanent ban on dumping radioactive wastes at sea
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Radioactive waste being dumped into the open ocean
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Sustainable management of marine fisheries
-Reduce Overfishing -Better measurement of fish populations -Controlling fishing methods and access to fisheries
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Means of Projecting Fishery Populations
Maximum sustained yield (MSY) -maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from a fish stock. Optimum sustained yield (OSY) -Modification of the MSY -Accounts for interactions with other species -Provides room for error in estimates
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Individual Transfer Quotas
Permit to catch a certain # of fish Permits can be sold and traded Discuss Pros and Cons
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Protecting, Sustaining and Restoring Wetlands
In USA a federal permit is required to fill any wetland larger than 3 acres Has cut losses by 75% since 1969
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Current U.S. Wetland Policy:
Zero Net Loss Mitigation Banking: Allows destruction of a wetland as long as an equal area of the same type is created or restored
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Problems With Created Wetlands…
Most new wetlands fail to replace the lost ones Most created don’t resemble the real ones Expensive
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Plans to Protect and Restore Wetlands
Land use planning (steer developers away from wetlands) Have the created wetlands inspected before the original is destroyed Prevent the invasion of non-native species
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Can We Save The Everglades ?
( ) Can We Save The Everglades ? Kissimmee River Once 60 miles wide, knee deep from lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay Channelized Unchannelized FLORIDA Lake Okeechobee West Palm Beach Fort Myers GULF OF MEXICO Naples Fort Lauderdale Agricultural area Treatment marsh Water conservation area Miami Canal Everglades National Park ATLANTIC OCEAN FLORIDA Key Largo Florida Bay Area of detail miles kilometers 20 40 60 Fig , p. 651
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Problems with the Everglades
US Army Corp of Engineers transformed 103mi Kissimmee river into a 50 mi canal Drained the wetlands in the north In the south vast farmland was planted and runoff has changed the plant life of the area The Everglades are ½ their original size Not as much freshwater flows into the Bay (getting salty)
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Everglades National Park
Established in 1947 (20% of the Everglades) It is the Most Endangered National Park
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The Worlds Largest Ecological Restoration Project
US Corp of Army Engineers ( ) Replumb south Florida ($7.8 billion shared between USA and State) Goals: Restore the curving flow of the Kissimmee River Remove 250 mi of canals Buy and Flood farmland Tap into aquifers
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Protecting, Restoring and Sustaining Lakes and Rivers
Greatest Threats to Lakes: Pollution, Invasive Species and Low water levels Greatest Threats to Rivers: Pollution, Disruption of Flow and Overfishing
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National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act - 1968
Kept free of development Can’t be … Widened, straightened, dredged, filled, dammed Only uses… Camping, swimming, sport fishing, non-motorized boats
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Protecting the Oceans Resources
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Multispecies management
– Studies relationships between species and how they interact within a food web. Large marine systems – Areas of the oceans are controlled and regulated by multinational organizations. Precautionary principle – Better safe than sorry
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