1. Ethics and Social Responsibility

2. Study Questions
What is ethical behavior?
How do ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace?
How can high ethical standards be maintained?
What is corporate social responsibility?
How do organizations and governments work together in society?

3. Study Question 1: What is ethical behavior?
Ethics
Code of moral principles.
Set standards of “good” and “bad” as opposed to “right” and “wrong.”
Ethical behavior
What is accepted as good and right in the context of the governing moral code.

4. Study Question 1: What is ethical behavior?
Law, values, and ethical behavior:
Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior.
Personal values help determine individual ethical behavior.
Terminal values (preferences about desired ends)
Instrumental values (preferences regarding the means to desired ends)

5. Values
Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Values encompass social, cultural and moral aspects of life. Values determine the importance of thing, action or belief.

6. Ethics
Ethics are moral principles which control or influence an individual‘s personal and professional behavior. It is system of moral principles or rules of behavior. It is connected with beliefs and principles about what is right and wrong. (Morals define personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied e.g. Lawyer)

7. Why Ethics in Business
Many times laws are insufficient and don’t cover all aspects or “gray areas” of a problem. How could tobacco companies in US have been protected by the law for decades until the settlement in 1997, when the industry agreed to pay $368.5 billion for the first 25 years and then $15 billion a year indefinitely to compensate US for the costs of health care for tobacco related illnesses?

8. Business Ethics in Islam
Ethics may be defined as a set of moral principles that distinguish what is right from what is wrong. It is a normative field because it prescribes what one should do or abstain from doing (Beekun, 1997); the term most closely related to ethics in the al-Qur’ān is Khuluq. The al-Qur’ān also uses a whole array of terms to describe the concept: Khayr (goodness), birr (righteousness), adl (justice), haqq (truth and right), taqwā (piety) and so on.

9. Business Ethics in Islam
In Islamic business ethics no businessman is allowed to do dishonesty. In al-Qur’ān it is mentioned that
Give just measures and cause no loss (to others by fraud). And weigh with scales true and upright. And withhold not things justly due to men (26: )

10. Business Ethics in Islam
Islam does not tolerate interference in the market system by hoarding or other forms of manipulations. Allah‘s Messenger said:
“He who hoards is a sinner.”

11. Study Question 1: What is ethical behavior?
Utilitarian view of ethics — greatest good to the greatest number of people.
Individualism view of ethics — primary commitment is to one’s long-term self-interests.
Moral-rights view of ethics — respects and protects the fundamental rights of all people.
Justice view of ethics — fair and impartial treatment of people according to legal rules and standards.

12. Figure 3.1 Four views of ethical behavior.

13. Study Question 1: What is ethical behavior?
Cultural issues in ethical behavior:
Cultural relativism
Ethical behavior is always determined by cultural context.
Cultural universalism
Behavior that is unacceptable in one’s home environment should not be acceptable anywhere else.

14. Figure 3.2 The extremes of cultural relativism and ethical imperialism in international business ethics.
Source: Developed from Thomas Donaldson, “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home,” Harvard Business Review, vol. 74 (September-October 1996), pp

15. Study Question 1: What is ethical behavior?
How international businesses can respect core or universal values:
Respect for human dignity
Create culture that values employees, customers, and suppliers.
Keep a safe workplace.
Produce safe products and services.
Respect for basic rights
Protect rights of employees, customers, and communities.
Avoid anything that threatening safety, health, education, and living standards.
Be good citizens
Support social institutions, including economic and educational systems.
Work with local government and institutions to protect environment.

16. Study Question 2: How do ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace?
An ethical dilemma occurs when choices, although having potential for personal and/or organizational benefit, may be considered unethical.
Ethical dilemmas include:
Discrimination
Sexual harassment
Conflicts of interest
Customer confidence
Organizational resources

17. Study Question 2: How do ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace?
Ethical behavior can be rationalized by convincing yourself that:
Behavior is not really illegal.
Behavior is really in everyone’s best interests.
Nobody will ever find out.
The organization will “protect” you.

18. Study Question 2: How do ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace?
Factors influencing ethical behavior include:
The person
Family influences, religious values, personal standards, and personal needs.
The organization
Supervisory behavior, peer group norms and behavior, and policy statements and written rules.
The environment
Government laws and regulations, societal norms and values, and competitive climate in an industry.

19. Figure 3.3 Factors influencing ethical managerial behavior—the person, organization, and environment.

20. Study Question 3: How can high ethical standards be maintained?
Ethics training:
Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making.
Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life.
Helps people deal with ethical issues under pressure.

21. Study Question 3: How can high ethical standards be maintained?
Whistleblowers
Expose misdeeds of others to:
Preserve ethical standards
Protect against wasteful, harmful, or illegal acts
Laws protecting whistleblowers vary

22. Study Question 3: How can high ethical standards be maintained?
Barriers to whistleblowing include:
Strict chain of command
Strong work group identities
Ambiguous priorities
Organizational methods for overcoming whistleblowing barriers:
Ethics staff units who serve as ethics advocates
Moral quality circles

23. Study Question 3: How can high ethical standards be maintained?
Ethical role models:
Top managers serve as ethical role models.
All managers can influence the ethical behavior of people who work for and with them.
Excessive pressure can foster unethical behavior.
Managers should be realistic in setting performance goals for others.

24. Study Question 3: How can high ethical standards be maintained?
Codes of ethics:
Formal statement of an organization’s values and ethical principles regarding how to behave in situations susceptible to the creation of ethical dilemmas.
Areas often covered by codes of ethics:
Bribes and kickbacks
Political contributions
Honesty of books or records
Customer/supplier relationships
Confidentiality of corporate information

25. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Looks at ethical issues on the organization level.
Obligates organizations to act in ways that serve both its own interests and the interests of society at large.

26. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Organizational stakeholders
Those persons, groups, and other organizations directly affected by the behavior of the organization and holding a stake in its performance.
Typical organizational stakeholders
Employees
Customers
Suppliers
Owners
Competitors
Regulators
Interest groups

27. Figure 3.4 Multiple stakeholders in the environment of an organization.

28. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Beliefs that guide socially responsible business practices:
People do their best with a balance of work and family life.
Organizations perform best in healthy communities.
Organizations gain by respecting the natural environment.
Organizations must be managed and led for long-term success.
Organizations must protect their reputations.

29. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Perspectives on social responsibility:
Classical view—
Management’s only responsibility is to maximize profits.
Socioeconomic view—
Management must be concerned for the broader social welfare, not just profits.

30. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Arguments against social responsibility:
Reduced business profits
Higher business costs
Dilution of business purpose
Too much social power for business
Lack of public accountability
Arguments in favor of social responsibility:
Adds long-run profits
Improved public image
Avoids more government regulation
Businesses have ethical obligation

31. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Criteria for evaluating corporate social performance:
Is the organization’s …
Economic responsibility met?
Legal responsibility met?
Ethical responsibility met?
Discretionary responsibility met?

32. Figure 3.5 Criteria for evaluating corporate social performance.

33. Study Question 4: What is corporate social responsibility?
Strategies for pursuing social responsibility:
Obstructionist — meets economic responsibilities.
Defensive — meets economic and legal responsibilities.
Accommodative — meets economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities.
Proactive — meets economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities.

34. Figure 3.6 Four strategies of corporate social responsibility—from obstructionist to proactive behavior.

35. Study Question 5: How do organizations and governments work together in society?
How government influences organizations:
Common areas of government regulation of business affairs:
Occupational safety and health
Fair labor practices
Consumer protection
Environmental protection

36. Study Question 5: How do organizations and governments work together in society?
How organizations influence governments:
Personal contacts and networks
Public relations campaigns
Lobbying
Sometimes by illegal acts, such as bribery or illegal financial contributions to political campaigns

37. Study Question 5: How do organizations and governments work together in society?
Corporate governance:
The oversight of the top management of an organization by a board of directors.
Corporate governance involves:
Hiring, firing, and compensating the CEO.
Assessing strategy.
Verifying financial records.