1. Introduction to Process Technology Unit 4 Basic Physics

2. What is Physics? Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper? Properties and Structure of Matter Types of Energy Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer Physics Laws Flow Rates Force and Pressure Work and Mechanical Efficiencies Electricity Today’s Agenda

3. Physics is the study of matter and energy Matter Energy What is Physics?

4. Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs & Engineers & Other Technicians Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples – Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products Maintaining safe operations

5. Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream

6. Solids Liquids Gases Plasma Matter and its States

7. Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed Matter is considered to be indestructible

8. Mass Weight Volume Specific Properties of Matter

9. Density Specific Gravity Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

10. Inertia Force Pressure Buoyancy Velocity Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)

11. Porosity Elasticity Friction Viscosity Hardness Tenacity (tensile strength)

12. Specific Properties of Matter (Continued) Ductility Malleability Conductivity Adhesion Surface Tension Capillary Action Temperature Cohesive Force

13. Atoms –Protons –Neutrons –Electrons Molecule Structure of Matter

14. Atomic Number Atomic Weight Structure of Matter (Continued)

16. States of Energy Potential Kinetic

17. Temperature and State Changes Temperature State Changes –Evaporation –Boiling –Melting –Freezing –Condensing –Sublimation –Deposition

18. Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius Absolute Zero –Kelvin = o C + 273 –Rankine = o F + 460

19. Temperature (BTU) Transfer British Thermal Unit (BTU) Conduction Convection Radiation

20. Boiling Point The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling point and vice versa… that is why water boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains compared to the coast

21. Vapor Pressure Vapor pressure –A measure of a liquid’s volatility and tendency to form a vapor –A function of the physical and chemical properties of the liquid –At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure

22. Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressure Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP As surrounding Pressure increases, then boiling point of liquid increases

23. Heat Rate Equation Important for steam production, use Heat Rate = steam flow x specific heat capacity of steam x change in temperature

24. Thermal Efficiency Applied to heat exchanger optimization Efficiency = (temperature in – temperature out) temperature in

25. Physics Laws Governing Gases – –Boyle’s Law –Charles’ Law –Gay-Lussac’s Law –Avogadro’s Law –Combined Gas Law –Ideal Gas Law –Dalton’s Law Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulli’s Law

26. NASA Video

28. General Gas Law P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 n 1 T 1 n 2 T 2 Tanker Implodes http://www.break.com/index/tanker -implodes.html http://www.break.com/index/tanker -implodes.html

29. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

30. Principles of Liquid Pressure Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid Liquid pressure is proportional to height (amount) of liquid Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular direction on the walls of vessel

31. Principles of Liquid Pressure Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all directions Liquid pressure at the base of a tank in not affected by the size or shape of tank’ Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally, without loss, inside an enclosed container

32. Flow Rate Flowrate = Volume Time

33. Bernouli’s Principle States that in a closed process with a constant flow rate: –Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy) decrease or increase pressure –Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes correspond to pipe-size changes –Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity changes –Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related

34. Bernoulli Principle

35. Bernoulli’s Principle

36. Fluid Flow Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

39. Laminar Flow

40. Turbulent Flow

41. Turbulent flow

42. Reynolds Number (R) Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either laminar or turbulent) R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density) Absolute Fluid Viscosity

43. Flow of Solids A variety of gases are used to transfer solids –Nitrogen (most common since inert), air, chlorine, and hydrogen –In proper combination, these allow solids to respond like fluids –Examples – plastics manufacture, catalytic cracking units, vacuum systems

44. Measuring Heaviness Baume Gravity – standard used by industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness API Gravity – measures heaviness of hydrocarbons

45. Force and Pressure Pressure = Force Area

46. Gauge Measurements Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge Gauge pressure = anything above atmospheric –Gauge P = Absolute P – Atmospheric P Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr

47. Work Work = Force x Distance

48. Mechanical Advantage Mechanical Advantage = Resistance Effort orWork Out Work In MA > 1 is good… so the larger the MA the better

49. Mechanical Advantage - Moments Inclined Plane and MA Length of plane Height of plane

50. Mechanical Advantage & Efficiency Efficiency = Actual MA Ideal MA Efficiency can never be > 1

51. Electricity Electric current – Electricity – Direct Current – –Example – battery Alternating Current – –Example – power generating station

52. Electricity Ohm’s Law – relationship between current (A for amps), resistance (Ω for ohms), and electrical potential (voltage – v for volts) Voltage = Resistance x Current