1. Chapter 12 Chordates

2. Chordates
In 1798, scientists from the London Museum of Natural History were gathered around a strange looking beast
They examined its flat duck like bill, its webbed feet and concluded this was not a real animal, but a joke someone was playing on them
In reality they were looking at the duck-billed platypus

3. Platypus
The platypus looks like no other animal, but has features similar to other animals
Similar features of the platypus:
Like mammals:
Tail similar to a beaver and webbed feet similar to an otter
Like other mammals has hair and produces milk for its young
Its milk though is secreted from its skin
Like birds and reptiles:
has a single opening, called a cloaca, which functions for both reproduction and excretion
Lays eggs which hatch in immature young
Like some reptiles it is venomous

5. Platypus and Young

6. Theory to the Madness
Even with its awkward look the platypus is very successful as its structures are well adapted for its lifestyle and habitat
Structures allow for the platypus to be mobile on land and in water
Tail acts as rudder and feet as paddles in the water
During day hides in underground burrows, dug with clawed hind feet
It hunts mollusks in the water and its bill is highly sensitive making ideal for locating prey, but also for scooping it up
Bill has more than 80,000 sense organs in it
Some of these sense organs allow for detection of motion created by prey
Dense oily fur and layer of fat under the skin protects from the cold of water, minimizing heat loss
This is key as platypus remains in water through the night and without this system to maintain heat would chill, become sluggish and eventually succumb to hypothermia
Poorly developed eyes as spends much of time underground, were large eyes would be useless and easily irritated by soil

7. Video of Platypus Show video of platypus Structures and info
Young and milk secretion

8. Section 12.1 Phylum Chordata

9. Phylum Chordata
When most think of animals they think of a chordate as this is the phylum that contains most animals we are all familiar with
Even though chordates usually considered the most familiar and interesting of all animals they only make about 5% of all known animal species and are one of the most recent groups of animal

10. Classification of Chordates
Chordates make a distinct phylum containing organisms that at some time in their development have:
A notochord
Hollow dorsal nerve tube
Tail that extends beyond the anus
Muscular tube called the pharynx
The pharynx functions in feeding and/or respiration
At some time in embryonic development, chordates have slits in the wall of the pharynx

11. 4 Key Features of Chordates2 1 4 3

12. Notochord Is present in all chordate embryos
Is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord.
It is composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue.
It provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of the animal.
While the notochord persists in the adult stage of some invertebrate chordates and primitive vertebrates, it remains as only a remnant in vertebrates with a more complex, jointed skeleton.
For example, it is the gelatinous material of the disks between vertebrae in humans.

13. Hollow Dorsal Nerve Tube
Develops in the vertebrate embryo from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord.
Other animal phyla have solid nerve cord, usually located ventrally.
The nerve cord of the chordate embryo develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.

14. Tail that Extends Beyond the Anus
Most chordates have a muscular tail extending posterior to the anus.
In contrast, nonchordates have a digestive tract that extends nearly the whole length of the body.
The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles.
It provides much of the propulsive force in many aquatic species.

15. Pharynx
Pharyngeal gill slits connect the pharynx, just posterior to the mouth, to the outside of the animal.
These slits allow water that enters the mouth to exit without continuing through the entire digestive tract.
In many invertebrate chordates, the pharyngeal gill slits function as suspension-feeding devices.
The slits and the structures that support them have become modified for gas exchange (in aquatic vertebrates), jaw support, hearing, and other functions during vertebrate evolution.

16. Phylum Chordata This phylum can be divided into 3 subphyla:
Cephalochordata
Such as lancelets
Urochordata
Such as tunicates
Vertebrata
Such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

17. Classification of Phylum Chordata
Example
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets
Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha
Jawless fish (e.g. lamprey)
Class Placodermi
Jawed armoured fish (extinct)
Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish (e.g. sharks)
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fish (e.g. perch)
Class Amphibia
Amphibians (e.g. frogs)
Class Reptilia
Reptiles (e.g. alligators)
Class Aves
Birds (e.g. blue jay)
Class Mammalia
Mammals (e.g. dogs)
The table shows the breakdown of the phylum and it classification
This is also seen on the next slide, but shown differently

19. Phylum Chordata Subphylum's

20. Subphylum Urochordata
Most urochordates, commonly called tunicates, are sessile marine animals that adhere to rocks, docks, and boats.
Others are planktonic
Some species are colonial, others solitary

21. Tunicates Tunicates are suspension-feeders.
Seawater passes inside the animal via an incurrent siphon, through the pharyngeal gill slits, and into a ciliated chamber, the atrium.
Food filtered from the water is trapped by an mucous net that is passed by cilia into the intestine.
Filtered water and feces exit through an excurrent siphon.
The entire animal is encased in a tunic of a cellulose like carbohydrate

22. Tunicates

23. Tunicates
Now from the diagram on the past slide only 1 of the 4 chordata characteristics are present
The pharyngeal slits
But as larva the tunicates have all 4 characteristics
Larva swim until they attach themselves to a surface
At the surface undergo metamorphosis turning into an adult and lose 3 of the 4 chordata characteristics
Tunicate Larva

24. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Cephalochordates, also known as lancelets, closely resemble the idealized chordate.
The notochord, dorsal nerve cord, numerous gill slits, and post-anal tail all persist in the adult stage.
Lancets are just a few centimeters long.
They live with their posterior end buried in the sand and the anterior end exposed for feeding.

25. Lancelets

26. Lancelets
Lancelets are suspension feeders, feeding by trapping tiny particles on mucus nets secreted across the pharyngeal slits.
Ciliary pumping creates a flow of water with suspended food particles into the mouth and out the gill slits.
In lancets, the pharynx and gill slits are feeding structures and play only a minor role in respiration, which primarily occurs across the external body surface.

27. Lancelets
A lancet frequently leaves its burrow to swim to a new location.
Though feeble swimmers, their swimming mechanism resembles that of fishes through the coordinated contraction of serial muscle blocks.
Contraction of these chevron-shaped muscles flexes the notochord and produces lateral undulations that thrust the body forward.
The muscle segments develop from blocks of mesoderm, called somites, arranged serially along each side of the notochord of the embryo.

28. Link Between the Subphylums
Molecular evidence suggests that the vertebrates’ closest relatives are the cephalochordates, and the urochordates are their next closest relatives.
The key thing is the organisms of the first two subphylum of the phylum chordata (Cephalochordata and Urochordata) do have notochords, but do not have backbones or vertebral columns
As such these organisms in these subphylums represent the transition from invertebrates to the chordates, which thus through study can give clues about the origin of the chordates

29. Subphylum Vertebrata
Around 95% of the chordates belong to this subphylum
Key feature of the subphylum:
All vertebrates have vertebrae (singular vertebra) that are hollow, cartilaginous, or bony structures that surround and protect the dorsal nerve cord

30. Vertebrae in Humans

31. Other features of Vertebrates
Other features shared by vertebrates:
Endoskeleton (internal skeleton)
A large brain protected by a skull
An advanced nervous system
Complex heart and circulatory system
Special outer covering
One or two pairs of appendages
A large coelom that houses the vital organs

32. Diagram with Timeline for Vertebrate Evolution
This diagram shows the timeline for vertebrate evolution and the appearance of the classes (note mammals were last to show up)

33. This diagram shows a brief outline of vertebrate evolution and key developments along the way

34. Cold Blooded vs Warm Blooded
Ectotherms
Endotherms
All vertebrates except birds and mammals are cold-blooded
Body temperature and metabolic rate changes with environment
Thus can regulate by changing environment (e.g. getting to hot get some shade)
Birds and mammals are warm-blooded organisms
Body temperature and remains constant regardless of environment
Able to vary metabolic rate (e.g. bears slow down when hibernate)
Ability to regulate temperature makes more independent of environment

35. Ecological Role of Vertebrates
Vertebrate are found all over
In the ocean, fresh water lakes and streams; on the land; and in the air
They are key ecologically as vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

36. Ecological Role of Fish
Are vital part to many living systems
As consumers help keep some populations in check
Also important food source for many animals
Both aquatic and land animals

37. Ecological Role of Amphibians
Play pivotal role in wetland ecology by preying on insects and eating algae and dead plants that can fill ponds and streams
Good indicators of environment health
Source of food for many:
Fish
Birds
Reptiles
Mammals

38. Ecological Role of Reptiles
Important role in environment and agriculture
As predators keep many pests in check
Also source of food to other animals

39. Ecological Role of Birds
Help maintain balance in nature
Eat large number of insects, keeping populations in check
Predatory birds help keep mice and rats in check
Also help in pollination and seed dispersal for plants

40. Ecological Role of Mammals
Influence and alter environments in many ways
Some examples:
Moles aerate soil
Beavers dam up water flooding areas
Elephants knock down trees to help maintain grasslands
Some are well known for transmitting disease
Humans have very significant role in both positive and negative ways

41. Cladistics

42. Cladistics
Cladistics is an alternative method used for analyzing and predicting the phylogeny (evolutionary relationship) of organisms
It is based on analysis of shared characteristics
Since characteristics are always changing cladists (people who study cladistics) must distinguish between recent derived (apomorphic) characteristics and older, primitive (plesiomorphic) characteristics

43. Cladistics
Based on the characteristics they work with the cladists then arrange organisms based on their hypothesized degree of sharing of apomorphic characteristics rather than plesiomorphic characteristics
Example:
A recently derived feature is the single toe of a horse
The original primitive state of five-digit appendages seen in monkeys, turtles and crocodiles indicates an ancient, but common ancestor (thus by the fact monkeys and turtles both have 5 digits does not mean a close kinship)
Thus to a cladist more closely related organisms will share a greater number of unique derived features that were not present in their distant ancestors

44. Cladograms
Cladists show their predicted evolutionary relationships via cladograms
Cladograms are:
Branching diagrams used to display the hypothesized relationships
Cladists though now have highly benefited from genetic data as they can now compare genetic codes for shared genetic codes instead of just outward traits
This has given lots of information and helped find new and compelling evidence for many phylogenetic relationships
Example cladogram
Read page 451 as it will take you through a sample cladogram

45. Homework
Read pages
Answer questions
1-7 page