1. Vitamin Requirements Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values developed by FDA –Includes DRIs (Daily Recommended Intakes for Individuals) and (DRVs) Daily Recommended Values (Proteins, etc.) –Disease prevention –Best met through a consumption of a wide variety of foods

2. Vitamin Requirements Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): recommendation for individuals (more accurate, but would be impossible to label) –Age –Gender –Pregnancy –Lactation

3. Vitamin Requirements Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards established for protein and other dietary components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV) used on food labels

4. Dietary Supplements $6 Billion Market They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and not drugs.* Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts.” NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA” By definition a “drug” is used to “prevent, treat or cure” disease. These terms cannot be used with supplements. Use of some supplements is backed by scientific data.

5. Fat Soluble Vitamins A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant K – contributes to blood clotting factor

6. Vitamin A Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) (label friendly) Antioxidant (label friendly) Stored in liver Important for sight –Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness Carrotenosis

7. Vitamin D Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight Can be made from cholesterol

8. Vitamin D Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble vitamins) Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough sunlight We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous –Occurs only from excess supplementation –Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels

9. Vitamin D Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption. (Rickets reported in NYC.)

10. Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements Deficiencies are not well understood Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E supplements

11. Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors Can be reactivated to continue biological action Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins

12. Water Soluble Vitamins Relatively cheap to add to food Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality

13. Water Soluble Vitamins B 1, thiamine B 2, riboflavin B 6, pyridoxamine B 12 Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C

14. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B 1 –Thiamine –Involved in carbohydrate metabolism –Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central nervous system –Deficiency causes Beri beri (Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”) B 2 - riboflavin –Energy metabolism

15. Water Soluble Vitamins B 6 - Pyridoxamine –Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions B 12 – –Development of red blood cells –Lack of it makes one anemic –Hard for vegans to get

16. Water Soluble Vitamins Biotin – –Involved in fatty acid synthesis –Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss Panthothenic acid –Found in many foods –Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, alcohol and fat

17. Water Soluble Vitamins Choline –A major component of cell membranes –Folacin = Folate = Folic acid –Deficiency causes neural tube defects – in utero –Took Rutgers Professor 20 years for FDA approval as enrichment Why?

18. Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool. Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)

19. Vitamin C - Scurvy

20. Niacin (B3) Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s –Dermatitis –Diarrhea –Dementia –Death

21. Minerals Issues –Absorption –Bioavailability

22. Minerals Percent of Body weight –Calcium 2% –Phosphorus1% –Potassium0.3% –Sulfur0.2% –Sodium0.1% –Chloride 0.1% –Magnesium0.05% –Iron 0.04%

23. Minerals Calcium –99% is structural –~25% absorption –Vitamin D aids absorption –75% is obtained from dairy products –Many products are fortified with it –Built in youth, lost in maturity Very hard for vegans to get enough calcium

24. Calcium Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences 1.5 million fractures each year- major cause of subsequent mortality (25% within one year) –14 billion in direct health cost –25 million women at risk –DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org

25. Calcium

26. Risk Factors- By Mayo Clinic staffBy Mayo Clinic staff Your gender. Age. Race. Frame size. Eating disorders. Low calcium intake. Excess soda consumption (Ca:P ratio). The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect may increase mineral loss. In addition, the phosphoric acid in soda may contribute to bone loss. Bone density can be improved at any time.

27. Soda is the devil’s drink Extra calories Poor nutrient density Interferes with calcification Replaces more nutritious drinks

29. Minerals Phosphorus –Easily absorbed by the body –Enhanced by Vitamin D –Deficiency are rare –Soda, phosphoric acid Potassium –A primary electrolyte in blood –Associated with lower blood pressure –Athletes

30. Minerals Sodium and Chloride –Added during processing –Enhances flavor –We consume 2X of what we need (DV = 2.4 grams, 1/10 ounce) (show) –Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension High blood pressure Salt sensitivity – genetics and race

31. Salt – Uses in Food Enhances other flavors, cuts cost Salty taste, per se Increases consumer acceptance Raises boiling point of liquids (pasta) Masks bitter tastes Food safety Water binding

32. Minerals Sulfur –Necessary for collagen formation Magnesium –Abundant in plants

33. Minerals Iron –Most common and easily preventable deficiency –Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function, developmental performance –Poor absorption from plant sources –Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating women –Toxicity 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a small child (The dose makes the poison.)

34. Fortification vs Enrichment Fortification - restores lost nutrients due to processing Enrichment – adds nutritional value to meet a specific standard Old London Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned Sourdough. Enriched Bread, [Enriched Flour (Flour, Niacin, Ferrous Sulfate, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid), Water, Yeast, Sugar, Salt, Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Vinegar, Ascorbic Acid] Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin