1. Yes, you too are a Homo sapiens

2. Classification Notes Biology
file:///C:/Users/rgaloob/AppData/Local/Temp/fcctemp/Attach0.html
Biology

3. What do you call this organism?
Mountain Lion?
Puma?
Cougar?
Panther

4. What do you call this organism?
Rolley Polley
Pill bug
Isopod

5. Two reasons scientist classify organisms:
To give each organism a name that can be used worldwide
To group them in a logical manner based on their characteristics.

6. History of Classification
2000 years ago
Aristotle the Greek philosopher came up with a very basic system of classification
Plants (group 1) Animals (group 2)
(group 2) land animals water animals air animals
This was a start but it put animals like a bird, bat, and mosquito in the same group even though they have very different traits.
Aristotle’s system was used from the 4th century until the 17th and 18th because . . .

7. In the 17th and 18th century many important scientific advances were made.
Scientists disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. Life can not arise from non living matter!
Francesco Redi in Italy did the following experiment:

8. Louis Pasteur
The debate was not settled until 1864 when French scientist Louis Pasteur did his famous experiment disproving spontaneous generation:

9. Important Tool Invented!
17th century the was invented and used to discover living things that were smaller then ever imagined.
microscopes proved small organisms

10. Carolus Linneaus
://
Swedish botanist 1700’s comes up with a lasting classification system to
Organize groups based on physical characteristics
Came up with the seven groups: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species
Use a two word naming system
Binominal nomenclature

11. Vocab word: Taxonomy
Definition: the science of classifying living organisms.
Taxonomists decide how newly discovered organisms are classified and named.

12. Commonly used taxonomic categories in today’s science
Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Keep
Pigs
Clean Or
Fear
Great
Smell

13. http://www. cartage. org

14. Vocab word: Binomial nomenclature
The two word naming system that makes up scientific names is called: binomial nomenclature
Scientific names are:
Two words
1st word is the Genus, 1st letter capital
2nd word is the species, all lower case
Example: Homo sapiens

15. Who uses scientific names?
Scientists, of course (herpetologist)
Farmers
anyone buying or selling seeds
Florists
Horticulturists, people who own/work at a greenhouse or nursery
Landscapers
Arborists (person who takes care of trees, like pruning them, planting for a city, etc)
Gardeners
Veterinarian
Doctor
fisherman

16. Dichotomous Key Can you identify #8, #9, #10?

17. Read “The Enduring Evergreen”
Questions:
1. What is the most basic difference between a evergreen and a deciduous tree?
2. Where do evergreens grow on the planet?
3. Where do deciduous trees grow on the planet?
4. Describe the physical traits that allow evergreens to endure?
5. Are all trees with needles and cones pine trees? Support your answer with examples.

18. 1. What is the most basic difference between a evergreen and a deciduous tree? Evergreen trees keep their leaves year round deciduous trees lose their leaves annually.
2. Where are evergreens abundant? In a wide range of biomes including extreme climatic conditions.
3. Where are deciduous trees abundant? In temperate regions with with cyclical seasons.
4. Describe the physical traits that allow evergreens to endure? Many have waxy needles allowing then to absorb sunlight keeping them warm, and the wax protecting against freezing and dehydration.
5. Are all trees with needles and cones pine trees? Support your answer with examples. NO! Pine trees, fir, spruce, cedar, juniper all have needle like leaves.

19. Classification of Salamanders
1. Plethodon glutinosus, slimy salamander
2. Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Jefferson salamander
3. Ambystoma maculatum, spotted salamander
4. Triturus viridescens, newt
5. Eurycea bislineata, two-lined salamander
6. Necturus maculosus, mud puppy
7. Ambysoma tigrimum, tiger salamander
8. Hemidactylium scutatum, four-toed salamander
9. Plethodon cinereus, red-backed salamander
10. Siren intermedia, siren
11. Ambystoma opacum, marbled salamander

20. Common Names
Names for organisms that are commonly used in a particular language
The name is different in different languages
Dog (english)
Hund (german)
The name can be different in the same language in different regions
Crayfish
Crawdad

21. 3 Domains Domains are groupings larger then Kingdoms

22. Taxonomy like all scientific knowledge is subject to change!
New living organisms new fossil organisms and molecular data are gathered.
Evolutionary taxonomy, numerical taxonomy, and cladism were all developed in an attempt to uncover evolutionary relationships.

23. Commonly used taxonomic categories in today’s science
NEWEST TAXONOMIC GROUP
DOMAIN
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species DO
Keep
Pigs
Clean Or
Fear
Great
Smell

24. 6 Kingdoms

25. Archae bacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animal Nucleus Cell wall Energy
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Nucleus
Cell wall
Energy
Number of cells
example

26. Archaebacteria No Nuclear membrane (Prokaryote cell type)
Have Cell walls without petidoglycan
Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs
All unicellular
Live in extreme environments like volcanic hot springs, black organic mud that has no oxygen
Examples: Methanogens (use methane for energy production)

27. “regular” bacteria/ Eubacteria
Has no nuclear membrane (Prokaryotic cell type)
Have Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs
All unicellular
Examples: E. coli, Streptococcus

28. Protista Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)
Some have Cell walls
Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs
Most of them are unicellular and some are multicellular
Examples: amoeba, kelp, Paramecium

29. Fungi Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)
Have Cell walls with chitin
All are heterotrophs
Some of them are unicellular and most are multicellular
Examples: Mushroom, yeast,mold

30. Animalia Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type) No Cell walls
All heterotrophs
All multi-cellular
Examples: you, lion, worm, you know animals!

31. Plantae Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)
All have Cell walls made of cellulose
All autotrophs
All multicellular
Examples: maple tree, daffodil, you know plants!

32. Cladograms
Primitive characters are those attributes of a plant or animal which all members of the group possess. Having four legs is primitive for mammals; they inherited this characteristic from their common ancestor (a proto-mammal or mammal-like reptile). Derived characters are advanced traits which only appear in some members of the group. Cladistics is based on the assumption that the appearance of derived characters gives clues to evolutionary relationships. In our example, a derived character for some mammals might be loss of the tail, which occurs in the great apes and man. It is assumed that loss of the tail occurred only once, in the common ancestor of apes and man, and that none of us has one because we inherited that trait from our common ancestor.

33. All in the family activity
Bozeman science youtube about cladograms

34. Classification is always changing

35. Cladogram Most recent Horse Tuna Human human Time placenta backbone
A cladogram is a diagram that shows how organisms are related to one another by comparing body organs and parts.
Branching lines of a cladogram show how closely two organisms are related.
The intersection between lines is the point where there would have been a common ancestor that evolved into the organisms at the end of the lines.
Time is shown on a cladogram the top is most recent and lower down towards the bottom is the past.
Along the lines shared characteristics are shown. Any organism above that mark has that characteristic.
Most recent
Horse
Tuna
Human
human
Two descendents that split from the same node are called sister groups. In the tree below, species A & B are sister groups — they are each other's closest relatives.
Many phylogenies also include an outgroup — a taxon outside the group of interest. All the members of the group of interest are more closely related to each other than they are to the outgroup. Hence, the outgroup stems from the base of the tree. An outgroup can give you a sense of where on the bigger tree of life the main group of organisms falls. It is also useful when constructing evolutionary trees.
Time
Common ancestor
of human and horse
placenta
backbone
Distant past
Shared characteristics

36. Plants can be included on cladograms too!

37. Next 9 slides activity

38. Lamprey
The lampreys (family Petromyzonidae, stone suckers) belong to a small but important group known as Agnatha, literally jawless, the most primitive of all living vertebrates. They are not true fish, since they have no lower jaws and the mouth is surrounded by a round, sucker-like disc within which, in the adults, are strong, horny, rasping teeth.
Lampreys are always eel-like in shape, but have neither paired fins nor scales. They have no bones, all the skeletal structures being made up of strong, flexible, cartilage. There is only one nostril, situated on top of the head, just in front of the eyes, the latter rarely being functional or even visible in the young. The gills open directly on each side of the head (there is no gill cover or operculum) forming a row of seven gill pores behind each eye.

39. Dorsal Nerve Cord (running along the back or “dorsal” body surface) Notochord (a flexible but supporting cartilage-like rod running along the back or “dorsal” surface)
Kangaroo
Lamprey
Rhesus Monkey
Bullfrog
Human
Snapping Turtle
Tuna

40. Paired Appendages (legs, arms, wings, fins, flippers, antennae) Vertebral column (“backbone”)
Kangaroo
Rhesus Monkey
Bullfrog
Human
Snapping Turtle
Tuna

41. Paired legs
Kangaroo
Rhesus Monkey
Bullfrog
Human
Snapping Turtle

42. Amniotic Sac (A membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell)
Kangaroo
Rhesus Monkey
Human
Snapping Turtle

43. Mammary Glands (Milk secreting glands that nourish the young)
Kangaroo
Rhesus Monkey
Human

44. Placenta (Structure attached to inside of uterus of mother, and joined to the embryo by the umbilical cord; provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo)
Rhesus monkey
Human

45. Canine Teeth Short (same length as other teeth) Foramen magnum forward (spinal cord opening, located forward, under skull)
Human

46. Animal Traits 1 x X 2 3 4 5 6 7 Traits Kanga-roo lamprey Rhesus Money
Set
Traits
Kanga-roo
lamprey
Rhesus Money
bullfrog
human
Snap-ping Turtle
Tuna 1
Dorsal nerve cord x X 2
Paired Appendages
Vertebral column 3
Paired legs 4
Amniotic sac 5
Mammary glands 6
Placenta 7
Canine teeth short
totals