1. The 5th APISA Congress Regional Integration in Asia and Europe in the 21st Century The feasibility of task-based language teaching in a university setting in Cambodia Sopheak Meas Institute of Foreign Languages, Cambodia Email: iflsopheak@yahoo.com Overseas Chinese University, Taichung, Taiwan 24-25 November 2011

2. ELT in the Cambodian Context  The teaching of English in Cambodia was considered ‘illegal’ until 1988 (Moore & Bounchan, 2010; Pit & Roth, 2004)  GTM and PPP have both been of paramount dominance (Neau, 2003; Suon, 1990) 2 Introduction

3.  MoEYS has introduced a number of alternative approaches: CLT is strongly recommended (Neau, 2003)  TBLT: effective an approach, but no or little research on how it could be adopted or adapted in the contemporary context in Cambodia 3 Introduction (con’t)

4. Purposes of the Study  Investigating principles and practices in the current English language program and gauging the feasibility of adopting a task-based approach in the context  The findings: as a reference for the target university, whether task-based learning can be adopted, and how this adoption could be done appropriately 4 Introduction (con’t)

5. D.Research Questions 1.What principles and practices underlie the current university’s English language program? 2.What are the teachers’ perceptions of the current university’s English language program, and what do they think could be done to improve it? 5 Introduction (con’t)

6. 3.How do the students feel about the approach already being adopted in the current university’s English language program, and what do they think could be done to improve it? 4.How can task-based approaches be most appropriately integrated into the current university’s English language program? 6 Introduction (con’t)

7. Literature Review A.TBLT in Language Teaching Definitions of Task -Skehan (1998): four main criteria: Meaning is primary; it is goal-directed; the activity is evaluated through outcome; and there is a real world relationship. 7

8. Aspects of Task: a)Task-supported Language Teaching (TSLT)  TSLT : Facilitates communicative language practice and also follows the form-based language teaching (R. Ellis, 2003).  Uses traditional presentation, practice and production model (P-P-P) (ibid.). 8 Literature Review (con’t)

9. b)Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)  TBLT : Uses tasks as a way of providing the basis for the whole language curriculum where language is learnt apparently mainly through communication (R. Ellis, 2003).  Learners: Free to choose whatever language forms (Willis, 1996, p. 24). 9 Literature Review (con’t)

10. B.TBLT in Asian Context & Issues Relating to Adopting It 1. Support for TBLT -Mid-1990s in Hong Kong (Littlewood, 2007) and South Korea (KICE, 2008) -2001 in China (Deng & Carless, 2009; Hu, 2005c) -1997 in the Philippines (Vilches, 2003) -2001 in Thailand (Todd, 2006) 10

11. 2. Challenges for adopting for TBLT -Implementing communicative approaches (CLT & TBLT) worldwide has often been proved difficult and challenging on a number of accounts (e.g., Adams & Newton, 2009; Adamson, 2006; Anderson, 1993; Brindley & Hood, 1990; Carless, 2007, 2009; Chick, 1996; Cortazzi & Jin, 1996; G. Ellis, 1996; Hu, 2002, 2005a, 2005b, 2005d; Hui, 1997; Li, 1998; Littlewood, 2007; Sakui, 2004; Taguchi, 2002) 11

12. These problems include:  Ss’ & Ts avoidance of using English  Minimal target language production  Incompatibility with assessment demands  Classroom related issues  Ts’ insufficient understanding of TBLT  Cultural issues 12

13. 1.Research settings & Participants  The research was conducted in university in Cambodia  143/328 third-year students from six different classes out of the total 11 classes & six lecturers (male) participated in the study. Methodology 13

14. 2. Research Design - Case study:  According to Yin (2003, p. 23), case study enables an investigation of “a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context”. 14 Methodology (con’t)

15. 4. Methods of Data Collection & Analysis i. Questionnaire survey with 143 Ss ii.Semi-structured Interview with 6 teachers iii.Document Analysis: Analyzing a sample unit of lesson from the course book “New Headway Advanced Student’s Book (3rd ed)” 15

16. 16 Findings

17. Ss’ preferences for grammar teaching and language task (n = 143) Note: *1 = strongly agree ; 2 = agree ; 3 = neutral; 4 = disagree; and 5 = strongly disagree Statements Students’ responses in percentages 1*2345 You prefer your teacher to explain the content (grammar) explicitly/in details by giving you examples. 62.227.3 5.6 2.12.8 (89.5)(4.9) You don’t feel that your teacher is competent enough if s/he doesn’t explain grammar to you in details. 15.432.9 30 17.54.2 (48.3)(21.7) You are not satisfied if your teacher does not correct your grammatical errors. 37.641.2 10.6 7.82.8 (78.78)(10.6) Your teacher should spend a lot of time on language tasks such as role play, debate, game, group and pair work, personal information sharing task, etc. 4231.4 20.3 2.83.5 (73.4)(6.3) 17

18. Ss’ perceptions of their own roles & their teachers’ (n = 143) Note: *1 = strongly agree ; 2 = agree ; 3 = neutral; 4 = disagree; and 5 = strongly disagree Statements Students’ responses in percentages 1*2345 You don’t believe it is polite to disagree with your teacher about a certain topic even if you have a good reason to do so. 4.214 23 39.219.6 (18.2)(58.8) You believe that your teacher is a facilitator or monitor in the classroom, and students are active learners. 33.643.4 15.4 6.21.4 (77)(7.6) 18

19. The six teachers = Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) Individual work, pair work, or group work, or a combination of two of them to carry classroom tasks. Ts’ Actual Approaches to Teaching English 19

20.  An analysis of the sample unit suggested that it conformed more to a task-supported language curriculum, than to a pure task- based language syllabus.  The materials the six teachers used also matched R. Ellis’s (2003) focused tasks. Task-supported language syllabus Material Evaluation 20

21. Ss’ Readiness for TBLT Note: *1 = strongly agree ; 2 = agree ; 3 = neutral; 4 = disagree; and 5 = strongly disagree Ss’ feelings about speaking in English (n=143) Statements Students’ responses in percentages *12345 You usually like to speak in English in your classroom. 20.439.4 33.2 70 (59.8)(7) You feel embarrassed if you make a mistake when speaking in the classroom. 9.819.6 29.4 32.19.1 (29.4)(41.2) You don’t feel comfortable to speak in English outside of the classroom. 7.925.2 26.7 27.312.9 (33.1)(40.2) 21

22.  5/6 Ts felt very comfortable and confident in using communicative English  5/6 Ts had relatively low understanding of TBLT  2 Ts feared that TBLT would not fit in well with the university being investigated  4 Ts strongly supported the idea of introducing TBLT in the context Ts’ Readiness for TBLT 22

23. 1.The suitability of task-based approaches in the university setting under study -A genuine task-based approach might not be suitable in the context. -An alternative approach would fit in better. Discussion & Analysis 23

24. 1.1 Supporting Factors for TBLT Students’ using communicative English Teachers’ confidence in using communicative English A new culture of teaching and learning English 24

25. 1.2 Constraints for TBLT  Teachers’ lack of awareness of TBLT  Demands for direct grammar instruction  Washback effect of examinations 25

26. 2. An alternative approach  Task-supported language teaching, or what Carless (2007) terms ‘situated task- based approaches’ seem viable (Carless, 2004). 26

27. 1.Pedagogical implications  Assessment reform  Changing or adapting the textbook to a local task-based one  Focusing on both forms and form  Building teachers’ knowledge of TBLT Implications & Conclusion 27

28. 2.Limitations of the study  Lack of classroom observations  Lack of interviews with students  Small number of participants Implications 28

29. 3.Research implications  A larger scale study should be adopted by including more Ts and Ss (from different levels Y2-3) at the university level  Included classroom observations as the data collection methods  Interview with both Ts and Ss Implications 29

30.  The findings of this study has provided useful information on how TBLT could be adapted and adopted in this targeted university as well as in other similar contexts.  The study also has filled the gap of very limited research into TBLT in Cambodian context. Conclusion 30

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