1. Modified SIR for Vector- Borne Diseases Gay Wei En Colin 4i310 Chua Zhi Ming 4i307 Jacob Savos AOS Katherine Kamis AOS

2. Aims and Objectives To create a universal modified SIR model for vector- borne diseases to make predictions of the spread of diseases

3. Rationale The SIR Model currently used is extremely simplistic Only considers three compartments, namely Susceptible, Infected and Recovered Two directions of change, namely from Susceptible to Infected or from Infected to Recovered.

4. Rationale Since most vector-borne diseases do not work in such a way, this project aims to modify this SIR model so that it can encompass much more factors that the original SIR model Death rates Movement from Recovered to Susceptible Make it more applicable to real life, thus increasing its usability in accurately predicting the spread of such vector-borne diseases.

5. Introduction A vector-borne disease is transmitted by a pathogenic microorganism from an infected host to another organism HCI will be creating a model using Dengue Fever AOS will be creating a model using a tick-borne disease

6. Literature Review – Dengue Fever A very old disease that reemerged in the past 20 years Transmitted via mosquito bites In 2009, there were a total of 4452 cases of dengue fever in Singapore, of which there were 8 deaths

7. Literature Review – Aedes Mosquitoes Aedes mosquitoes refers to the entire genus of mosquito – over 700 different species Multiple species able to transmit dengue fever Have characteristic black and white stripe markings on body and legs Aedes albopictus – the most invasive mosquito in the world Retrieved from http://www.comune.torino.it/ucstampa/2005/aedes- albopictus.jpg Aedes aegypti – Main vector of dengue fever in Singapore Retrieved from http://www.telepinar.icrt.cu/ving/images/stories/aedes- aegypti__785698.jpg

8. Literature Review - Ticks Ticks have a two-year life cycle Ticks acquire a vector-borne disease by feeding on an infected host Once infected, ticks transmit the disease by feeding on an uninfected host Lone Star Tick Deer Tick

9. Literature Review - SIR Susceptible Infected Recovered

10. Literature Review - SIR Neuwirth, E., & Arganbright, D. (2004). The active modeler: mathematical modeling with Microsoft Excel. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Introduces basic modeling techniques such as dynamic modeling and graphing Rates of change are shown to have relations between the three compartments: S(t), I(t) and R(t) in the subtopic simple epidemics. Calculus can be used to help us solve the research questions mentioned.

11. SIR - Equations S’(t)=-k∙S(t)∙I(t) I’(t)=-S’(t)-R'(t) R’(t)=c∙I(t) k – Transmittal constant c – Recovery rate

12. Research Questions Are we able to predict the spread of a disease using the SIR Model? What kind of situations are the basic SIR Model unable to take into account? How can the basic SIR Model be modified to handle real life situations effectively? Is there a pattern in the spread of vector-borne diseases?

13. Fields of Mathematics - Differentiation Used to determine the rate of change of a function Infection and recovery obtained via differentiation based on data acquired e.g. With the weekly number of cases of the disease, we are able to find the best fit graph, the function of which we can then differentiate to determine the infection rate in the form of a function.

14. Methodology Begin with a simple SIR model Develop variables needed to modify the model Attempt to modify the model to incorporate all vector-borne diseases

15. Timeline

16. Bibliography Academy of Science. Academy of Science Mathematics BC Calculus Text. Breish, N., & Thorne, B. (n.d.). Lyme disease and the deer tick in maryland. Maryland: The University of Maryland. Duane J. Gubler(1998, July). Clinical Microbiology Reviews, p. 480-496, Vol. 11, No. 3, 0893- 8512/98/$00.00+0. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/11/3/480?view=long&pmid=9665979 Neuwirth, E., & Arganbright, D. (2004). The active modeler: mathematical modeling with Microsoft Excel. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Ministry of Health: FAQs. (n.d.). Dengue. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from http://www.pqms.moh.gov.sg/apps/fcd_faqmain.aspx?qst=2fN7e274RAp%2bbUzLdEL%2fmJu3ZDKA RR3p5Nl92FNtJidBD5aoxNkn9rR%2fqal0IQplImz2J6bJxLTsOxaRS3Xl53fcQushF2hTzrn1PirzKnZhujU%2f 343A5TwKDLTU0ml2TfH7cKB%2fJRT7PPvlAlopeq%2f%2be2n%2bmrW%2bZ%2fJts8OXGBjRP3hd0qhS L4

17. Bibliography Ong, A., Sandar, M., Chen, M. l., & Sin, L. Y. (2007). Fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever in adults during a dengue epidemic in Singapore. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 11, 263-267. Stafford III, K. (2001). Ticks. New Haven: The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Wei, H., Li, X., & Martcheva, M. (2008). An epidemic model of a vector-borne disease with direct transmission and time delay. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 342, 895-908. Dobson, A. (2004). Population Dynamics of Pathogens with Multiple Host Species. The American Naturalist, 164, 564-578.