1. Power Management Lecture notes S. Yalamanchili and S. Mukhopadhyay

2. (2) Technology Scaling 30% scaling down in dimensions  doubles transistor density Power per transistor  V dd scaling  lower power Transistor delay = C gate V dd /I SAT  C gate, V dd scaling  lower delay GATE SOURCE BODY DRAIN t ox GATE SOURCE DRAIN L

3. (3) Moore’s Law 3 From wikipedia.org Performance scaled with number of transistors Dennard scaling*: power scaled with feature size Goal: Sustain Performance Scaling *R. Dennard, et al., “Design of ion-implanted MOSFETs with very small physical dimensions,” IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, vol. SC-9, no. 5, pp. 256-268, Oct. 1974.

4. (4) Parallelism and Power IBM Power5 Source: IBM AMD Trinity Source: forwardthinking.pcmag.com How much of the chip area is devoted to compute? Run many cores slower. Why does this reduce power?

5. (5) The Power Wall Power per transistor scales with frequency but also scales with V dd  Lower V dd can be compensated for with increased pipelining to keep throughput constant  Power per transistor is not same as power per area  power density is the problem!  Multiple units can be run at lower frequencies to keep throughput constant, while saving power

6. (6) Mukhopadhyay and Yalamanchili (2009) Based on scaling using Pentium-class cores While Moore’s Law continues, scaling phenomena have changed Power densities are increasing with each generation 6 What is the Problem?

7. (7) ITRS Roadmap for Logic Devices From: “ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving Exascale Systems,” P. Kogge, et.al, 2008

8. Power Management Basics Lecture notes S. Yalamanchili and S. Mukhopadhyay

9. (9) What are my Options? 1.Better technology  Manufacturing  Better devices (FinFet)  New Devices  non-CMOS?  this is the future 2.Be more efficient – activity management  Clock gating – dynamic energy/power  Power gating – static energy/power  Power state management - both 3.Improved architecture  Simpler pipelines 4.Parallelism Not this course

10. (10) Activity Management Turn off clock to a block of logic Eliminate unnecessary transitions/activity Clock distribution power Turn off power to a block of logic, e.g., core No leakage Combinational Logic clk cond input clk Core 0Core 1 V dd Power gate transistor Clock GatingPower Gating

11. (11) Multiple Voltage Frequency Domains From E. Rotem et. Al. HotChips 2011 Cores and ring in one DVFS domain Graphics unit in another DVFS domain Cores and portion of cache can be gated off Intel Sandy Bridge Processor

12. (12) Processor Power States Performance States – P-states  Operate at different voltage/frequencies oRecall delay-voltage relationship  Lower voltage  lower leakage  Lower frequency  lower power (not the same as energy!)  Lower frequency  longer execution time Idle States - C-states  Sleep states  Differ is how much state is saved SW or HW managed transitions between states!

13. (13) Example of P-states Software Managed Power States Changing Power States is not free AMD Trinity A10-5800 APU: 100W TDP CPU P- state Voltage (V) Freq (MHz) HW Only (Boost) Pb012400 Pb10.8751800 SW- Visible P00.8251600 P10.8121400 P20.7871300 P30.7621100 P40.75900

14. (14) Example of P-states From: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/core/2nd-gen-core-family-mobile-vol-1-datasheet.html

15. (15) Management Knobs Each core can be in any one of a multiple of states How do I decide what state to set each core?  Who decides? HW? SW? How do I decide when I can turn off a core? What am I saving? Static energy or dynamic energy?

16. (16) Power Management Software controlled power management  Optimize power and/or energy  Orchestrated by the operating system or application libraries  Industry standard interfaces for power management oAdvanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) https://www.acpica.org/ http://www.acpi.info/ Hardware power management  Optimized power/energy  Failsafe operation, e.g., protect against thermal emergencies

17. (17) Power Management 3.0 Time Die Temperature Thermal Headroo m Convert thermal headroom to higher performance through boost HW Boost states Max Die Temp SW visible states Performance CPU DVFS- state HW Only (Boost) Pb0 Pb1 SW- Visible P0 P1 P2 - - - Pmin Instructions/cycle Time Performance and energy efficiency depend on effective utilization of power and thermal headroom

18. (18) Boosting Exploit package physics  Temperature changes on the order of milliseconds Use the thermal headroom Max Power TDP Power Low power – build up thermal credits Turbo boost region 10s of seconds Intel Sandy Bridge

19. (19) Power Gating Intel Sandy Bridge Processor Turn off components that are not being used  Lose all state information Costs of powering down Costs of powering up Smart shutdown  Models to guide decisions

20. (20) Parallelism Concurrency + lower frequency  greater energy efficiency Core Cache Core Cache Core Cache Core Cache Core Cache 4X #cores 0.75x voltage 0.5x Frequency 1X power 2X in performance Example

21. (21) Simplify Core Design AMD Bulldozer Core ARM A7 Core (arm.com) Support for branch prediction, schedulers, etc. consumes more energy per instruction Can fit many more simpler cores on a die

22. (22) Metrics Power efficiency  MIPS/watt  Ops/watt Energy efficiency  Joules/instruction  Joules/op Composite  Energy-delay product  Energy-delay 2 Why are these useful?

23. Modeling Lecture notes S. Yalamanchili and S. Mukhopadhyay

24. (24) Microarchitectural Level Models How can we study power consumption without building circuits?  Models Models can are available at multiple levels of abstraction. We are interested in microarchitectural models

25. (25) Processor Microarchitecture Instruction Cache Instruction Queue Fetch Queue Fetch Queue Instruction Decoder Branch Prediction Branch Prediction Register Files Instruction TLB ALU MUL FPU LD ST L1 Data Cache Data TLB Data TLB L2 Data Cache NoC Router On-Chip Network On-Chip Network FetchDecodeExecute/Writeback Memory Network

26. (26) Energy/Power Calculation How do we calculate energy or power dissipation for a given microarchitecture? Energy/Power varies between:  Different ISA; ARM vs Intel x86  Different microarchitecture; in-order vs out-of-order  Different applications; memory vs compute-bound  Different technologies; 90nm vs 22nm technology  Different operation conditions; frequency, temperature

27. (27) Architecture Activity (1) Instruction Cache Instruction Queue Fetch Queue Fetch Queue Instruction Decoder Branch Prediction Branch Prediction Register Files Instruction TLB ALU MUL FPU LD ST L1 Data Cache Data TLB Data TLB L2 Data Cache NoC Router On-Chip Network On-Chip Network Activity 1: Instruction Fetch icache.read++; fbuffer.write++; Collect activity counts of each architecture component (through simulation or measurement). List of components differs between microarchitectures. Activity counts at each component differs between applications.

28. (28) Architecture Activity (2) Instruction Cache Instruction Queue Fetch Queue Fetch Queue Instruction Decoder Branch Prediction Branch Prediction Register Files Instruction TLB ALU MUL FPU LD ST L1 Data Cache Data TLB Data TLB L2 Data Cache NoC Router On-Chip Network On-Chip Network Activity 2: Instruction Decode fbuffer.read++; idecoder.logic++; Read/write accesses to caches, buffers, etc. Logical accesses to logic blocks such as decoder, ALUs, etc. Tradeoff of differentiating more access types (accuracy) vs simulation speed (complexity).

29. (29) Power and Architecture Activity For example, At n th clock cycle, collected counters are:  Data cache: oread = 20, write = 12; oper-read energy = 0.5nJ; per-write energy = 0.6nJ; oRead energy = read*per-read energy = 10nJ oWrite energy = write*per-write energy = 7.2nJ oTotal activity energy = read+write energies = 17.2nJ oIf n = 50 th clock cycle and clock frequency = 2GHz, Total activity power = energy*clock_freq/n = 688mW *Note: n/clock_freq = n clock periods in sec power = time average of energy

30. (30) Things to consider (1) 1.How do we calculate per-read/write energies? Per-access energies can be estimated from circuit-level designs and analyses. There are various open-source tools for this. Architecture Specification Technology Parameters Circuit-level Estimation Tool Circuit-level Estimation Tool Estimation Results: Area, Energy, Timing, etc.

31. (31) Things to consider (2) 2.Is per-access energy always the same? Per-access energy in fact depends on: how many bits are switching how they are switching (0 → 1 or 1 → 0) It is reasonable to assume constant per-access energy in long-term observation (e.g., n = 1M clock cycles); the number of switching bits are averaged (e.g., 50% of bits are switching). Most architecture simulators do not capture bit- level details due to simulation complexity.

32. (32) Things to consider (3) 3.If a register file didn’t have read/write accesses but held data, what is the energy dissipation? Energy (or power) is largely comprised of dynamic and static dissipations. Dynamic (or switching) energy refers to energy dissipation due to switching activities. Static (or leakage) energy is dissipation to keep the electronic system turned on. In this case, the register file has no dynamic energy dissipation but consumes static energy.

33. Thermal Issues Lecture notes S. Yalamanchili and S. Mukhopadhyay

34. (34) Thermal Issues Heat can cause damage to the chip  Need failsafe operation Thermal fields change the physical characteristics  Leakage current and therefore power increases  Delay increases  Device degradation becomes worse Cooling solution determines the permitted power dissipation

35. (35) Thermal Design Power (TDP) This is the maximum power at which the part is designed to operate  Dictates the design of the cooling system oMax temperature  T jmax  Typically fixed by worst case workload Parts are typically operating below the TDP Opportunities for turbo mode? AMD Trinity APU http://ecs.vancouver.wsu.edu/thermofluids-research

36. (36) Heat Sink Limits on Performance Thermal design power (TDP) Determines the cooling solution & package limits Performance depends on effective utilization of this thermal headroom  www.legitreviews.com Instructions/cycle Time Thermal Headroom Max Die Temp Convert thermal headroom to higher performance through boosting HW Boost states SW visible states Boost power TDP Power Workload Temp Power

37. (37) Trinity TDP Source: http://www.anandtech.com/show/6347/amd-a10-5800k-a8-5600k-review-trinity-on-the-desktop-part-2

38. (38) Issues Cooling chips is now an issue for computer architects! Co-design the cooling system and the processor Some very “cool” new technologies  E.g., microfluidics!

39. (39) Electrical and Fluidic I/Os Fluid flow through the microchannels carry heat out to an external heat exchanger (e.g., heat sink) Courtesy L. Zheng ECE) and Professor Muhannad Bakir (ECE)

40. (40) Fabrication Examples Electrical and fluidic microbumps, fluidic vias and fine wires Micropin-fins (150 µm diameter and 225 µm diameter)and vias Courtesy L. Zheng ECE) and Professor Muhannad Bakir (ECE)

41. (41) Conclusions Power/energy is the leading driver of modern architecture design Power and energy management is key to scalability Need integrated power/energy, performance, thermal management in fielded systems What about energy/power efficient algorithms?

42. (42) Study Guide Explain the difference between energy dissipation and power dissipation Distinguish between static power dissipation and dynamic power dissipation Explain dynamic voltage frequency scaling  What are power states?  Why is this an advantage?  What is the impact of DVFS on i) energy, ii) execution time, and iii) power Distinguish between clock gating and power gating

43. (43) Study Guide (cont.) Define thermal design power (TDP) Name two schemes to preventing the chip from exceeding TDP. Explain how they achieve this goal What does boosting achieve? What is the difference between C-states and P- states? Name one power management technique that will save static power? How does using many slower simpler cores improve power efficiency?

44. (44) Study Guide (cont.) How is thermal design power (TDP) calculated? When using boost algorithms, what determines the duration of the high frequency operation? How does a power virus work? Describe how throttling works Know the power dissipation in some modern processor-memory systems drawn from the embedded, server, and high performance computing segments

45. (45) Glossary Boosting C-states Dynamic Power and Energy Power Gating P-states Static Power and Energy Time constant Thermal Design Point Throttling