1. Health Occupations
Integumentary System

2. SKIN Largest organ in the body 17 –26 square feet Varies in thickness
Eyelid – 0.5 mm
Soles of feet – 6.6 mm

3. Three layers of Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

4. Epidermis Outer layer, also called cuticle
Surface is layer of dead cells with living cells underneath
5 layers of cells
Stratus corneum – sheds
Stratus germinativum – rebuilds
No blood vessels or nerve cells but has nerve endings for
Light touch
Pain
90% of cells are water repellent

5. Melanocytes – make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color
Hair follicles
Melanocytes – make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color
Inherited characteristic
Freckles – concentrated melanin
Surface – covered with sweat, oil, & epithelial cells that
Lubricate
Hydrate
Provide antibacterial protection
Block toxins

6. Dermis “True” skin Contains blood vessels & nerves
Nerve endings
Pressure
Heat & cold
Each square inch of skin has 15 ft. of blood vessels
Is times as thick as epidermis
Contain fingerprints – ridges or striations in this layer that are unique to each person
Contains sebaceous glands – oil glands

7. Subcutaneous or hypodermis
Innermost layer
Adipose – fatty tissue that cushions & insulates organs
Connects skin to muscle
Made of up elastic & fibrous tissue as well
Contains sudoriferous glands

8. Hair Pili – found everywhere except soles of feet & palms of hand
Hair in nose & mouth block foreign particles from entering
Hair root originates in dermis
Shaft - visible portion of hair
Follicle – hair root with its covering
Has 1-2 sebaceous glands attached to it

9. Arrector pili – small muscle attached to hair shaft
Causes goose bumps or hair to stand on end due to cold or fear
Color & texture of hair is inherited
Color dependant on melanin

10. Glands
Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands
Ceruminous glands

11. Sebaceous glands Oil glands Found everywhere except palms & soles
2,000-2,000,000 glands in each square inch of skin
Causes skin to be soft & waterproof
Usually open onto hair follicles
Sebum – oil
Antibacterial & antifungal, prevents infections
When gland is plugged, get pimple

12. Sudoriferous glands Sweat glands
Originate in subcutaneous layer & opens at pores in epidermis
Apocrine
Attached to hair follicles
Found in axilla, breasts, pubic area
Eccrine
Empty directly onto skin
Regulate body temp & excretes wastes
Skin loses 500 ml of water each day, increases with exercise

13. Ceruminous glands In auditory canal of eat Secretes wax
Protects ear from infection
Prevents foreign body entry

14. Nails Protect fingers & toes from injury
Formed from dead, keratinized epidermal cells
Root – where nail grows, covered by skin where it attaches
Lunula – crescent shaped white area near root
Nails regrow unless root is damaged

15. Function of integumentary system
Protection
Barrier to UV rays & pathogens
Keeps moisture in
Sensory perception
Helps body respond to pain, pressure, temperature, & touch
Body temperature regulation
Helps skin retain or lose heat
Blood vessels dilate – heat escapes
Blood vessels constrict – heat is retained
Sudoriferous glands cool through perspiration

16. Storage Absorption Excretion Production
Tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, vitamins, & salt
Adipose – source of energy
Absorption
Substances absorbed through skin
Transdermal meds
Nitroglycerine – heart
Scopolamine – motion sickness
Hormones – birth control
Nicotine – smoking cessation
Excretion
Eliminates salt, wastes, excess water through sweat
Production
Vitamin D – uses UV rays to form Vitamin D that matures in the liver

17. Arector pili
Adipose tissue
Sebaceous gland
Sudoriferous gland
Hair follicle
Subcutaneous tissue
Nerve
Root
Dermis
Artery
Epidermis
Vein

18. Assessment Dermatology – study of skin
Dermatitis – inflammation of skin, usually non-life threatening
Skin lesions – visually inspected
Look for size, shape, texture, color
Biopsy or culture for diagnosis

19. Color Erythema Jaundice Cyanosis Reddish color Yellowish color
Burns
Congestion in blood vessels
Jaundice
Yellowish color
Liver or gall bladder disease or RBC destruction
Cyanosis
Bluish color
Insufficient oxygen – heart, lung, or circulatory disease

20. Eruptions
Macules
Flat spots on skin
Freckles

21. Papules
Firm raised areas
Pimples
End stage of chicken pox

22. Vesicles
Blisters or fluid filled sacs
Early chicken pox or small pox

23. Pustules
Pus filled sacs
Acne
Fire ant bites

24. Crusts
Areas of dried pus & blood
scabs

25. Wheals
Itchy, elevated areas with irregular shape
Hives or bites

26. Ulcer Deep loss of skin surface, extends into dermis
May see scarring & bleeding

27. Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Acne Vulgaris
Increased secretion of sebaceous glands
Bacteria grows & blocks hair follicle
Causes papules, pustules, & blackheads
Treat with
UV light
Antibiotics
dermabrasion

28. Albinism Melanocytes don’t produce melanin Pale skin White hair
Light eyes
Sensitivity to light
Decreased visual acuity

29. Alopecia Baldness Inherited tendency to lose hair
Androgenic hormones at puberty can begin hair loss
May occur in females too

30. Athlete’s foot Fungal infection Skin itches, blisters, cracks
Contagious, transmitted by wet floors
Treatment
Antifungals
Clean & dry
Well ventilated

31. Cellulitis Bacterial infection of dermal & subcutaneous layers
Symptoms
Fever & chills
Vesicles
Warm, red skin
Decreased circulation
lymphedema
Treatment
Rest, elevation
Immobilization
Antibiotics

32. Chloasma Patchy discoloration on face Due to high hormone levels
Pregnancy
Oral contraceptives
Liver disease

33. Cleft lip and palate 1 in 700 babies born with this
Space where nasal processes or palate do not meet, see open area
Causes
25% heredity
Environment
Prematurity
Treatment
Surgery
Dental therapy
Speech therapy

35. Contact dermatitis Allergic reaction to anything Symptoms Treatment
Poison ivy, jewelry, bleach, etc
Symptoms
Redness
Swelling
Itching
Blisters
Treatment
Washing
Anti inflammatory meds
Avoid exposure

36. Dandruff Scalp itching Causes white flakes of dead skin cells
Treatment
Scalp massage
Shampoo
brushing

37. Decubitus ulcers Sores of inflammation over body prominences Due to
Prolonged pressure & hypoxia to affected area
“Bedsores”
Prevention
Frequent position changes
Good nutrition
Massage
Described in 4 stages, depending on severity
Treatment – antibiotics, remove necrotic tissue, frequent cleaning, maggots

39. Eczema Caused by dermatitis Symptoms Familial Treatment Swelling
Redness
Itching
Weeping/crusting lesion
Familial
Treatment
Remove irritant
Keep skin clean

40. Fungal infection Only on epidermis
Ranges from no symptoms to scaly, red, swelling, & blisters
Usually on moist areas
Athlete’s foot
Jock itch
Ringworm
Treatment
antifungals

41. Furuncle Boil Sometimes infected hair follicle Treatment
Hot compresses
Antibiotics
lancing

42. Hirsutism or Hypertrichosis
Increased hair growth in abnormal places
Hair, back, chest
Hormone related or hereditary
Treatment – temporary
Shave
Wax
electrolysis

43. Impetigo Contagious bacterial infection Vesicles to pustules to crusts
Symptoms
Itching
Burning
Can lead to kidney infection if untreated
Lesions usually clear without damage
Can be fatal to infants

44. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
CA that originates in blood vessels and spreads to the skin
Round or oval spot
Red, purple, or brown
2 types
Aging
Diabetes, lymphoma, AIDS
Spreads to liver, lungs, intestine
Tx with inteferon or chemotherapy

45. Lupus Benign dermatitis or chronic systemic disorder Symptoms
Scaly rash
Baldness
Vascular connective tissue affected
Butterfly rash
Treatment
Protect from sun
Anti-inflammatory meds

46. Psoriasis Too many epidermal cells Red thick areas covered with scales
Gray
Silver
Triggered by stress
Familial
Treatment
Topical cream
Scale removal
UV light

47. Rashes
Usually viral
Treat symptoms
Usually childhood disease

48. Scleroderma Autoimmune disease Affects Treatment Blood vessels
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissues
Treatment
Anti-inflammatory meds
PT to avoid muscle contractures

49. Skin Cancer
Basal cell
Squamous cell
Malignant melanoma

50. Streptococcus Bacteria that can affect the skin
Group A may be flesheating

51. Vitiligo
Loss of pigment
Leads to formation of white patches

52. Warts Papule caused by HPV Comes & goes unexpectedly Types Treatment
Plantar
Common
Flat
Treatment
Chemicals
Freezing
burning

53. UV light Skin protects us from this by producing melanin Makes a tan
Process of damage
UV light causes damage to dermal cells
Moisture is lost
Wrinkled & dry skin
Main cause of skin cancer
Burns
1st degree – sunburn
2nd degree – blister
3rd degree - full

54. Basal cell carcinoma Starts in lower layer of epidermis Symptoms
Waxy, pearly growths
Red scaly patches
Face, arms, hands
Bleed then heal, over & over
Treatment
Scraping
Burn
Cut out lesion
Most benign form of CA

55. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Middle layer of epidermis
Symptoms
Spreads more quickly
Red, scaly patches that don’t heal
Eventually grows into surrounding tissue
Treatment
Same as basal cell

56. Malignant Melanoma Originates in melanin cells SERIOUS Symptoms
Brown, black color
Can start on back, legs, torso
½ develop from moles
Treatment
Removal
If spread, survival rate decreases
Needs chemo