1. Respiratory System The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells is called respiration.

2. Events of respiration Exchange of gases between air in the lungs and the blood is called external respiration Gas exchange between blood and body cells is called internal resp.

4. Pathway of air in the body Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Alveoli The alveoli are the site for gas exchange in the body

6. Breathing Mechanism Remember: Diffusion is a passive process, no energy is required. Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg

7. Inspiration The diaphragm contracts (flattens) and moves downward. Thoracic cavity enlarges; alveoli increase in diameter The pressure within the lungs (and alveoli) falls about 2mm Hg below normal Air is forced into the lungs

8. Expiration Diaphragm relaxes (curved) Thoracic cavity decreases in size and alveoli diameter decreases Lung (and alveoli) pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above normal Air is forced out of lungs This is a passive process

10. Smoking Smoking destroys the movement of cilia in the resp. system This allows dirt and debris to enter the resp. system and mucus builds up in the nasal cavity this build up results in smokers’ cough (an effort to manually breakup the accumulated mucus)

11. Smoking Smokers’ cough leads to chronic bronchitis Mucus production increases, the bronchioles thicken  more difficult to breathe Bronchioles lose elasticity and cannot adjust to pressure changes

13. Smoking Air pressure increases enough to burst alveoli- this condition is called emphysema With emphysema coughing worsens along with fatigue and wheezing Emphysema can progress to cancer 80% of all lung cancer is caused from smoking 13% of those with lung cancer do not live past 5 years

21. Total lung capacity the vital capacity plus the residual volume average = 5800ml varies with age, sex, and body size

22. Respiratory Volumes One inspiration followed by expiration is a respiratory cycle Tidal Volume-the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal resting respiration (about 500 ml)

23. Respiratory Volumes During forced maximal in spiration (deep breathing) additional quantities of air enter the lungs; this is called inspiratory reserve volume. This can equal about 3,000 ml

24. Respiratory Volumes During maximal forced ex(it) piration, about 1100ml of additional air can be expelled from the lungs; this is the expiratory reserve volume. This leaves about 1200 ml of air in the lungs at all times – this is called residual volume

26. Vital capacity The total of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume is the vital capacity (max in, normal, max out) The adult average is about 4,600 ml. This is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after they have taken the deepest breath possible

27. Inspiratory capacity The tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. This is the maximum amount of air a person can inhale average – 3500 ml

28. Functional residual capacity the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the amount of air left in the lungs after normal expiration average = 2300ml

30. Total lung capacity A spirometer is used to measure lung capacity Lung capacity measurements can be used as an initial diagnostic tool for emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, and asthma

32. Gas Transport Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to the hemoglobin in RBC Each hemoglobin molecule can combine with only four oxygen atoms Hypoxia – oxygen deficiency

33. Alveoli

34. Hemoglobin

35. Respiratory Disorders

36. Pneumonia an infection of the lungs, which can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasitesmicroorganisms causes inflammation of the lungs symptoms: fever, chills, cough, unusually rapid breathing, breathing with grunting or wheezing sounds, chest painfevercough treated with antibiotics, antiviral meds

37. Tiger Woods w pneumonia

38. Bronchitis viral infection of the bronchial tree bronchioles swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them, making it hard to breathe symptoms: coughing up mucus and wheezing treated with asthma medicines to reduce swelling and ease breathing

39. Bronchitis

40. Emphysema chronic lung disease usually caused by smoking damage to the alveoli symptoms: Shortness of breath, barrel- shaped chest, wheezing, fatigue, losing weight without trying treatment: no cure, but symptoms can be eased with supplemental oxygen and other meds

42. Asthma chronic respiratory disease causing airway inflammation; the airways in the lungs are overly sensitive to certain triggers linked to allergies, heredity, environment, weight symptoms: attacks of wheezing, coughing, chest constriction & labored breathing treated with meds such as inhaled steroids/anti- inflammatory

45. Tuberculosis disease caused by bacteria that attack the lungs bacteria destroy lung tissue and can actually create a hole in the lung symptoms: a bad cough, pain in the chest, coughing up blood, fever, fatigue, chills treated with antibiotics latent TB (bacteria in body but not active causes small bump on test) vs. active TB (bacteria actively attacking lung tissue) No bump means on TB skin test means you are negative for TB

46. Tuberculosis

47. Cystic Fibrosis hereditary, recessive, caused by a gene/protein defect chloride can’t be transported out of cells, so water diffuses in  dries out mucus, causing it to clog affect organs affects lungs (more infections)& pancreas (prevents digestive enzymes from reaching intestines, causing decreased nutrient absorption) treatments: antibiotics for infections, exercises to remove mucus from lungs, digestive enzymes mixed into foods

48. Cystic Fibrosis