1. 1 西方文明史 第二講： 兩河與埃及 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 劉 慧 教授

2. Some geographic names: Sumer, Uruk; Akkad, Babylon; Assyria, Nineveh 2 The first Civilizations in Mesopotamia

3. 3 The Uruk period, 4300-2900 BCE – The Sumerians built half a dozen cities – Development of cuneiform writing 3300 inscription on flat clay tablets; 3100 reed stylus leaving wedge-shaped impression – making abstract and standardized signs Pictographs, abstract notion, phonetic sounds, auxiliary marks 2600/2500: cuneiform script fully evolved Cuneiform script was in use for over 3,000 years. Sumerian remained the dominant written language until about 1900 BCE; Akkadian was written with the script from 2800

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5. 5 Proto-cuneiform: 85% of the documents from Sumer ca 3300-2900 are inventories & other economic records

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8. 8 90 ° turn – From hand held to being propped up on table New shape – Easier to write More signs; each sign serving more purposes – Semantic extension From concrete to abstract notion – Phonetic extension Acrophony – Over 1000 signs Morphograms Phonograms (syllabogram) Determinatives Egyptian writing system. Stimulus diffusion

9. 9 1.The Uruk period: 4300-2900 BCE – Highly theocratic society; each city had one patron god from the Sumerian pantheon 2.Early Dynastic Period 2900-2350 – Intense competition between city-states – rise of successful war leaders, e.g. Gilgamesh Royal tombs of Ur – Each king strove to establish supremacy; could then exact tribute. Conquered cities revolted, warfare began again 3.Akkadian Period 2350-2160: the first empire – Systematic conquest of Sargon. Direct rule: appointed governors, pulled down fortifications, collected taxes 4.Ur Dynasty 2100-2000 – Ur-Nammu’s ziggurat 5.Babylonian king Hammurabi (1792-1750) unified Sumer and Akkadia – The law code: kings as protectors of the weak and arbiters of justice

10. 10 6.The Kassite and Hittite Interlude 1600-1300 BCE – 1595 the Hittites destroyed Babylon; 1600-1185 empire comprising Anatolia and Syria Light-chariot warfare Manufacture and trade of iron – 1600-1300 the Kassites ruled most of Mesopotamia No noteworthy contributions to later civilizations – New Kingdom Egypt 1500-1075 and the Hittite empire 1600-1185 The ‘international system’ 1500-1200 and the Amarna Letters

11. 11 7. The Assyrians 1300-612; empire 859-612 1250 BCE united northern Mesopotamia Indirect overlordship in Akkad and Sumer until early 7 th c BCE 9 th c: conquered Syria, southern Anatolia 7 th c: conquered all western Asia Splendid capital Nineveh – built by Sennacherib 701-681 BCE – water supply; library Constant uprisings – Centered at Babylon – 614-614 alliance with the Medes in Iran

12. 12 Military-religious ethos; Assur ‘calculated frightfulness’ – ‘Frightfulness’: brutality in art and policy Starting in Sennacherib’s reign Sculptured reliefs Inscriptions celebrating military victories

13. 13 Assyrian winged bulls

14. 14 8. The Chaldeans/New Babylonian Empire, 612-539 The Chaldeans – Negative image: Nebuchadnezzar (604-562) conquered Jerusalem. The Babylonian Captivity 586-539 The city of Babylon – The wall covered with glazed bricks and the Hanging Gardens, built by Nebuchadnezzar Astronomy/astrology: to measure and interpret the universe – First 5 planets linked with the powers of 5 gods – Motions of the planets and stars suggested cosmic events such as floods and famines, and fortunes of nations

15. 15 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 2 Kohler History (http://kohlerhistory.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamia) ，http://kohlerhistory.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamia 2012.03.07 visited. 3 WIKIPEDIA / Marie-Lan Nguyen （ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_S b1932.jpg ）， 2012.03.01 visited. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_S b1932.jpg 4 Flickr / listentoreason (http://www.flickr.com/photos/charlestilford/2552654321/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/charlestilford/2552654321/ 2012.02.24 visited. 4 WIKIPEDIA (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cuni.jpg) ，http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cuni.jpg 2012.02.24 visited. 4 Flickr / johnurlock (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurlock/3528510508/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurlock/3528510508/ 2012.03.01 visited. 版權聲明

16. 16 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 5 Flickr / johnurlock (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurlock/3527697349/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurlock/3527697349/ 2012.03.01 visited. 6 Karen Whimsy (http://karenswhimsy.com/cuneiform.shtm) ，http://karenswhimsy.com/cuneiform.shtm 2012.03.01 visited. 7 WIKIPEDIA / Matt Neale (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Room_10_cuneiform.jp g) ， 2012.03.1 visited.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Room_10_cuneiform.jp g 7 Hentz-humanities-wiki / DJGreen (http://hentz-humanities-wiki.wikispaces.com/DJGreen) ，http://hentz-humanities-wiki.wikispaces.com/DJGreen 2012.03.1 visited. 8 Google Library (http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=kmKLxzTnL9IC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=MULTIFUNCTIO NAL+SUMERIAN+CUNEIFORM+SIGNS&source=bl&ots=sWueecdaWh&sig=ivlo5MDVYZogempe lyK0m5W0wng&hl=zh- TW&sa=X&ei=07dWT9j8Na_ImAWn8OjzCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=MULTIFUNCTIONAL%2 0SUMERIAN%20CUNEIFORM%20SIGNS&f=false) ，http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=kmKLxzTnL9IC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=MULTIFUNCTIO NAL+SUMERIAN+CUNEIFORM+SIGNS&source=bl&ots=sWueecdaWh&sig=ivlo5MDVYZogempe lyK0m5W0wng&hl=zh- TW&sa=X&ei=07dWT9j8Na_ImAWn8OjzCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=MULTIFUNCTIONAL%2 0SUMERIAN%20CUNEIFORM%20SIGNS&f=false 2012.03.07 visited. 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。

17. 17 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 9 Kohler History (http://kohlerhistory.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamia) ，http://kohlerhistory.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamia 2012.03.07 visited. 9 WIKIPEDIA (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg 2012.03.01 visited. 10 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png 2012.03.01 visited. 10 WorldHistoryatYHS (http://worldhistoryatyhs.wikispaces.com/Hittites) ，http://worldhistoryatyhs.wikispaces.com/Hittites 2012.03.04 visited. 11 WorldHistoryatYHS (http://worldhistoryatyhs.wikispaces.com/Geography) ，http://worldhistoryatyhs.wikispaces.com/Geography 2012.03.04 visited.

18. 18 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 12 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashur_god.jpg) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashur_god.jpg 2012.03.04 visited. 12 WIKIPEDIA (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_Horse_Archer.jpg) ，http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_Horse_Archer.jpg 2012.03.04 visited. 12 Socials-La Wiki (http://socials-la-wiki.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamian+Social+Order) ，http://socials-la-wiki.wikispaces.com/Mesopotamian+Social+Order 2012.03.04 visited. 13 Flickr / mitko_denev (http://www.flickr.com/photos/mitko/2406621667/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/mitko/2406621667/ 2012.03.04 visited. 14 WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Babylonian_Empire.png) ，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Babylonian_Empire.png 2012.03.04 visited.

19. 19 頁碼作品版權標示作者 / 來源 14 Flickr / Rictor Norton & David Allen (http://www.flickr.com/photos/rictor-and-david/151247206/) ，http://www.flickr.com/photos/rictor-and-david/151247206/ 2012.03.04 visited.