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Standardized Test Prep
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

3. Chapter 6 Table of Contents Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Circulation and Respiration
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Section 2 Blood
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Section 4 The Respiratory System

4. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Bellringer
In 2–3 minutes, list as many song titles and lyrics as you can that contain the word heart. What ideas are associated with the heart? Why do you think the heart is part of so many songs?
Write your answers in your science journal.

5. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Objectives
List the three parts of the cardiovascular system, and describe their functions.
Describe how the cardiovascular system helps perform the body’s life functions.
Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the body.
List four cardiovascular problems.

6. Your Cardiovascular System
Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Your Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and the three types of blood vessels.
The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins—carry blood pumped by the heart.

7. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
The Heart
Your heart is an organ made mostly of cardiac muscle tissue. It is about the size of your fist and is almost in the center of your chest cavity.

8. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6

9. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 18
Human Heart

10. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Blood Vessels
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the body’s organs.
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange between body cells and blood.

11. Blood Vessels, continued
Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Blood Vessels, continued
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

12. Two Types of Circulation
Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Two Types of Circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

13. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6

14. Cardiovascular Problems
Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Cardiovascular Problems
Atherosclerosis happens when cholesterol builds up inside of the blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of heart diseases.

15. Cardiovascular Problems, continued
Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
High Blood Pressure Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke.
Heart Attacks and Heart Failure A heart attack happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damaged. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

16. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Bellringer
What does blood do? List as many functions of blood as you can think of in your science journal. Think about the following phrase: “Blood is thicker than water.” Have you ever heard someone use this phrase? What do you think it means?

17. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Objectives
Identify the functions of blood and its main components.
Describe the structure and function of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.
Explain how blood pressure is measured.
Explain what the ABO blood types are and why they are important.

18. Body Temperature Regulation
Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Body Temperature Regulation
Your blood does more than supply your cells with oxygen and nutrients. It also helps regulate your body temperature.
Blood Pressure
The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is called blood pressure.

19. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
What Is Blood?
Blood is a connective tissue that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body.
Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and other substances.
Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs take oxygen to every cell in your body.

20. What Is Blood?, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
What Is Blood?, continued
Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow. When you cut yourself, platelets help blood clot.

21. What Is Blood?, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
What Is Blood?, continued
White Blood Cells (WBCs) help keep you healthy by destroying pathogens and by cleaning wounds.
WBCs also destroy body cells that have died or been damaged.

23. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Pathogen
an infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent such as a virus, bacteria, prion, or fungus that causes disease to its host.

24. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Antigen
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed within the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

25. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Antibody
A specialized immune protein, produced because of the introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that triggered its production

27. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types
Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your blood type refers to the type of antigens you have on the surface of your RBCs.

28. Blood Types and Transfusions
Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood
Blood Types and Transfusions
A transfusion is the injection of blood or blood components into a person to replace blood that has been lost. Blood type is an important consideration of a blood transfusion.
Type
Can receive
Can donate to A
A, O
A, AB B
B, O
B, AB AB
all
AB only O

29. Blood Typing

30. There are four blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
A and B are co dominant to each other and both are
dominant to O.
Phenotype
Genotype
Genotypically
A type could be AA or AO
B type could be BB or BO
AB type is only AB
O type is only OO

31. AA AB AO BO Punnett Square
A Punnett square is a chart which shows/predicts all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents (whose genes are known). A B O AA AB AO BO

32. You can do the same with the Rh factor gene
You can do the same with the Rh factor gene. Let's say that the mom was Rh-positive (with one + allele and one - allele, though she could also have two + alleles) and the dad is Rh-negative (meaning both of his Rh alleles are -). + -
+/-

33. Let's put it all together
Let's put it all together. The mom was blood type AB+, and the father was blood type AO-. A Punnett square for this is shown below. A+ A- B+ B- O-

34. Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Bellringer
Do you know anyone who has had his or her tonsils removed? Do you know what tonsils do or where they are located in the body? If so, write a few sentences explaining their function. If you don’t know what the tonsils are for, make an educated guess about their role in the body.
Write your response in your science journal.

35. Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Objectives
Describe the function of the lymphatic system and its relationship to the cardiovascular system.
Identify the six components of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions.

36. Vessels of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Vessels of the Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is the group of organs and tissues that collects excess fluid and returns it to your blood.

37. Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued
The smallest vessels of the lymphatic system are lymph capillaries. The fluid and particles absorbed into lymph capillaries are called lymph.

38. Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
Bone Marrow is the soft tissue inside of bones. Bone marrow is where most red and white blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced.
Lymph Nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph.

39. Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
The thymus is the main gland of the lymphatic system. It produces T cells that are ready to fight infection.
Your spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The spleen stores and produces lymphocytes.

40. Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
Tonsils are lymphatic tissue in the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth on either side of the tongue. Tonsils help defend the body against infection.

41. Chapter 6 Bellringer Explain whether the following statements are true
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Bellringer
Explain whether the following statements are true
or false:
Breathing and respiration are the same thing.
The nose is the primary opening into and out of the respiratory system.
The vocal cords are located in the trachea.
Record your answers in your science journal.

42. Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Objectives
Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system.
Explain how breathing happens.
Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
Identify two respiratory disorders.

43. Respiration and the Respiratory System
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System
Respiration is the process by which a body gets and uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. Breathing is only one part of respiration.
The second part of respiration is cellular respiration, which involves chemical reactions that release energy from food.
The respiratory system is the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

44. Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued
Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Your nose is the main passageway into and out of the respiratory system. From the nose, air flows into the pharynx, or throat. The larynx is the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords.

45. Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued
Trachea The trachea, or windpipe, is the large tube connecting the larynx to the lungs.
Bronchi and Alveoli The trachea splits into two branches called bronchi. One bronchus connects to each lung. In the lungs, each bronchus branches into bronchioles, which branch to form thousands of tiny sacs called alveoli.

46. Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued

47. Breathing and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Breathing
Breathing is done by the diaphragm and rib muscles. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs.
Breathing and Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration, oxygen is used by cells to release energy stored in molecules of glucose. When you inhale, you take in oxygen, which diffuses into red blood cells and is carried to tissue cells.

48. Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System

49. Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.

50. Respiratory Disorders
Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. An asthma attack may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen.
SARS is caused by a virus.

51. Chapter 6 Concept Mapping
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
arteries
cardiovascular system
bronchi
alveoli
capillaries
respiratory system
cellular respiration
blood

52. Concept Mapping, continued
Chapter 6
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Mapping, continued

53. Concept Mapping, continued
Chapter 6
Circulation and Respiration
Concept Mapping, continued

54. End of Chapter 6 Show Chapter menu Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

55. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
FCAT
For the following questions, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

56. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The basic level of structural organization in living things is the cell. Cells with similar function and structure work together to form tissues. Tissues that work together form organs, and groups of organs form organ systems. These different levels of structural organization help support the organism.
Continued on the next slide

57. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following parts of the human lymphatic system belongs to the highest level of structural organization?
A. lymph, which is made up of fluid and particles
B. spleen, which is made up of different kinds of tissues
C. lymphocytes, which are cells that help fight infections
D. tonsil cells, which help fight pathogens entering the body through the mouth

58. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following parts of the human lymphatic system belongs to the highest level of structural organization?
A. lymph, which is made up of fluid and particles
B. spleen, which is made up of different kinds of tissues
C. lymphocytes, which are cells that help fight infections
D. tonsil cells, which help fight pathogens entering the body through the mouth

59. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In humans, special receptors in the brain and in the arteries in the neck monitor the levels of CO2 in blood. The brain uses this information to adjust the breathing rate and depth to maintain the right levels of CO2 in the body.
Continued on the next slide

60. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following would happen if the CO2 in blood was not being removed from the body quickly enough?
F. Cells in the body will start taking up CO2.
G. Cells in the body will start to reduce the amount of CO2 they make.
H. Breathing would become shallower and slower to breakdown the CO2.
I. Breathing would become deeper and faster to get rid of CO2 from the body.

61. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following would happen if the CO2 in blood was not being removed from the body quickly enough?
F. Cells in the body will start taking up CO2.
G. Cells in the body will start to reduce the amount of CO2 they make.
H. Breathing would become shallower and slower to breakdown the CO2.
I. Breathing would become deeper and faster to get rid of CO2 from the body.

62. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Angelina went to the doctor because she felt very sick. The doctor took a sample of her blood and found that she has many more white blood cells than normal. What other symptoms could the doctor check for to see if Angelina has an infection?
A. swollen lymph nodes
B. enlarged veins and arteries
C. more red blood cells than normal
D. blood clots forming from platelets

63. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Angelina went to the doctor because she felt very sick. The doctor took a sample of her blood and found that she has many more white blood cells than normal. What other symptoms could the doctor check for to see if Angelina has an infection?
A. swollen lymph nodes
B. enlarged veins and arteries
C. more red blood cells than normal
D. blood clots forming from platelets

64. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
4. White blood cells (WBCs) are cells that are specialized to fight disease-causing agents or pathogens that get into the body. Different kinds of WBCs destroy pathogens in different ways. Some WBCs engulf the pathogen and then break it down. Other WBCs make antibodies. Antibodies are special chemicals that will attach themselves to the pathogen. Antibodies help identify the pathogen for destruction.
Continued on the next slide

65. Chapter 6 Question 4, continued
Standardized Test Preparation
Question 4, continued
4. What can you infer about WBCs with this information?
F. that different kinds of WBCs have similar structures
G. that different kinds of WBCs can become pathogens
H. that different kinds of WBCs have different structures
I. that some kinds of WBCs are not as effective as others

66. Chapter 6 Question 4, continued
Standardized Test Preparation
Question 4, continued
4. What can you infer about WBCs with this information?
F. that different kinds of WBCs have similar structures
G. that different kinds of WBCs can become pathogens
H. that different kinds of WBCs have different structures
I. that some kinds of WBCs are not as effective as others

67. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
5. Anthony is studying how breathing helps provide the body with oxygen. He has decided to make a flow chart that shows how oxygen is taken into the body and used by cells to release energy from food. A picture of his flow chart is shown below.

68. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
5. (continued)
Identify and describe the process that occurs at the missing step in his flow chart.

69. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
5. (continued)
Identify and describe the process that occurs at the missing step in his flow chart.
Oxygen moves into the blood and is transported throughout the body.

70. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
6. The cardiovascular system is divided into two kinds of circulation as shown in the diagram. Which kind of circulation provides the cells of the body with oxygen and through which vessels does the blood travel in this circulation?

71. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
6. The cardiovascular system is divided into two kinds of circulation as shown in the diagram. Which kind of circulation provides the cells of the body with oxygen and through which vessels does the blood travel in this circulation?
Systemic circulation. In the systemic circulation, blood travels from the heart through arteries, capillaries, and veins before returning to the heart.

72. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6

73. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6

74. Section 1 The Cardiovascular
System
Chapter 6

75. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood

76. Chapter 6
Section 2 Blood

77. Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System

78. Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System

79. Chapter 6
Section 3 The Lymphatic System

80. Chapter 6
Section 4 The Respiratory System